黑洞不是洞

"Black Holes" Aren't Holes at All

Researchers from the U.S. Department of Energy's Los Alamos National Laboratory and the University of South Carolina have provided a hypothesis that "black holes" in space are not holes at all, but instead are more akin to bubbles.

美国洛阿拉摩斯国家实验室和南卡洛连那州立大学的研究院共同提出了一项关于“宇宙黑洞”的假设：所谓黑洞根本就不是洞，而是一种类似气泡的物质。

Ressearcher Emil Mottola of Los Alamo's Theoretical Division presented on 21 April 2002 a new explanation for black holes at the American Physical Society annual meeting in Albuquerque, and Pawel Mazur of the University of South Carolina is Mottola's co-author.  The researchers' explanation redefines blck holes not as "holes" in space where matter and light inexplicably disappear into another dimension, but rather as spherical voids surrounded by an extremely durable form of matter never before experienced on Earth.  Mazur and Mottola call the extraordinary objects Gravastar.

洛阿拉摩斯科学理论中心的研究员Emil Mottola于2002年4月21日在阿尔布开克(美国新墨西哥州中部一城市)的美国物理界年会上提出了关于黑洞的全新解释，共同参与研究的还有来自南卡洛连那州立大学的Pawel Mazur.

The Gravastar explanation for black holes helps provide answers to some of the daunting questions raised by traditional black-hole descriptions.  Based on earlier-held astrophysical explanations, black holes form in space when stars reach the end of their lives and collapse in on themselves.

引力真空星学说帮助解决了传统黑洞解说所招致的悬而未决的问题。根据先前所提出的天体物理学解说，当恒星衰竭，耗尽自身能量，其核心开始坍缩，就会在宇宙中形成黑洞。

According to black hole theory, the matter from these dying stars occupies a tiny amount of space—a mere pinpoint—and creates a mind-boggling gravitational field so powerful that nothing can escape, not even light.

根据黑洞理论，耗尽能量的恒星，其核心会占去宇宙的很小一部分空间，极小的一点，然后形成一股难以想象的巨大引力，任何物质都无法与其抗衡，连光也被其捕获。

Mottola and Pawel suggest that while some degree of collapsing does take place in a dying star, the collapse proceeds only to a certain point.  At that point, the intense gravity of the dying star transforms the star's matter into an enitrely new phase.

Mottola和Pawel暗示说，虽然一定程度上的核心坍缩的情况确实会在恒星衰竭的时候发生，但是这种坍缩是有限的。坍缩停止以后，强烈的引力把这颗衰老恒星的恒心转变成另一种物态。

Mottola describes this phase as similar to a Bose-Einstein condensate, a phase of matter recently observed in a laboratory setting and the subject of scientifc excitement in the past few years.

Mottola形容这种物态类似玻爱凝聚态，这是一种近来在实验室中观察到的物态，也是近几年科学界为之狂热的一大主题。

On Earth, a Bose-Einstein condensate forms when matter is plunged to very low temperatures approaching Absolute Zero, the theoretical temperature at which all atomic motion—the motion of electrons, protons and all other subatomic particles within an individual atom—is believed to cease.

如果地球上物质不断冷却，直到接近绝对零度时，就会产生玻爱凝聚态。绝对零度是一种理论上的温度概念，人们相信，假如物质达到这个温度，那么构成物质的所有分子和原子均停止运动。

When matter is cooled sufficiently to become a Bose-Einstein condensate, the atoms that make up the matter enter a strange new phase.  The atoms all reach the same energy state, or quantum state, and they coalesce into a blob of material called a "super atom".

当物质冷却到玻爱凝聚态，其原子就会形成一个非常奇特的物态。所有的原子都会保持相同的能量状态，或者量子状态，然后它们聚结成一个被称为“超能原子”的物质团。

The properties of Bose-Einstein condensates are the subject of intense study and many physicists are working to understand them.

有关玻爱凝聚态的特性还在热烈的研究中，许多物理学家正在试图理解这种物态。

Mottola and Mazur believe that dying stars collapse to the "Event Horizon"—in essence the point of no return for objects entering the gravitational field of a black hole.  At this point, the matter in the dying star transforms to a new state of matter that forms a Gravastar.  According to the two researchers, the dying star's matter creates an ultra-thin, ultra-cold, ultra-dark shell of material that is virtually indestructible.

Mottla和Mazur相信恒星坍缩的界限就是所谓的“黑洞视界”，在这个界限中，任何物体都无法抵抗黑洞的强大引力。因此，坍缩恒星的核心就会转化成另一种物态，继而形成引力真空星。根据这两位研究员的说法，那些坍缩的核心会创造一个坚不可摧的超薄、超低温、超黑暗的物质框架。

The new form of gravitational energy in the interior is akin to a Bose-Einstein condensate, although it appears on the inside to be a bubble of vacuum, hence the term Gra Va star, or Gravastar.

恒星内部这种新形成的强大引力同玻爱凝聚态相似，虽然里面看起来像个真空气泡，这也就是它被称为“引力真空星”的原因。

"Since this new form of matter is very durable, but somewhat flexible, like a bubble, anything that became trapped by its intense gravity and smashed into it would be obliterated and then assimilated into the shell of the Gravastar, " Mottola said.  "However, any matter in the vincinity that fell onto the surface could be re-emitted as another form of evergy, which would make Gravastars potentially much more powrful emitters of radiation than black holes, which simply swallow the material."

Mottola说：“新物态具有很强的持久性，但却有些不稳定，就像个气泡。它会摧毁被其引力捕捉的任何物体，再把它们纳入引力真空星内。然而，周围任何掉入真空星表面的物态都会被转化成能量重新释放出来，这样就使得真空星释放出比黑洞更强大的能量，吞没一切物质。”

The space trapped inside the Gravastar's shell is similarly uncanny conceptually.  The interior of the Gravastar would be totally warped space-time (the traditional three dimensions plus time).  According to the researchers, this interior space would exert an outward force on the shell, adding to its durability.

困在引力真空星框架中的空间概念上也同样神秘莫测。真空星内部的时空被完全的扭曲（通常的三维时空）。据研究员称，这种内部空间会向外释放出一种力量，加强自身的持久性。

Although unconventional, Mottola and Mazur's Gravastar explanation for Black holes does solve at least one serious quandary created by black hole theory.  Under a black-hole scenario, the amount of entropy created in a black hole would become nearly infinite.  Physicists have struggled for years to account for the huge entropy of black holes, and largely have failed.  Unlike their black hole counterparts, Gravastars would have a very low entropy.

虽然听起来有些超乎想象，但是Mottola和Mazur的黑洞真空新解说至少解决了一个黑洞理论对之无能为力的难题。在一系列围绕黑洞展开的研究讨论中，有几乎无数悬而未决的难题。这么多年来，物理学家们努力为这些难题寻求答案，却最终未果。但与这些黑洞问题不同的事，引力真空星的麻烦要少得多。

Mottola and Mazur continue to refine thir theory and are working on a concept behind rotating Gravastars.  They even suggest that the universe we now know and live in may be the interior of a Gravastar.

Mottola和Mazur正在继续完善他们的理论，并研究引力真空星旋转的概念。他们甚至提出一种假设，我们现在生活的宇宙有可能正处在一个引力真空星内。

Tag标签: 黑洞翻译

posted on 2008-07-23 15:41 Rachelzzz 阅读(12) 评论(0) 编辑收藏

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该文被作者在 2008-07-23 17:51 编辑过

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