一、聚焦独立主格结构

独立主格结构，又叫独立结构（absolute construction）。它在句法上游离于句子主体之外，跟主句没有任何句法联系；但在意义上却与主句紧密联系在一起，共同构成一个完整的语义环境。独立主格结构没有主语和谓语，只有逻辑上的主语，因此，它在句法上不是句子，而是一个独立于句子成分之外的独特结构。
独立主格结构可置于句首、句尾，用逗号与主句隔开。如：
The teacher came in，book in hand．＝ Book in hand，the teacher came in．
独立主格结构分为四个类型：1独立分词结构；2独立不定式结构；3独立无动词结构；4with复合结构。分述如下：
一、独立分词结构
独立分词结构的构成是：“主格词＋分词”。主格词可以是代词、名词和名词词组；分词可以是过去分词和现在分词的各种时态和语态。如：
1She being my close friend，I should have helped her．她是我的好朋友，我应该帮助她。
在独立主格结构中，分词的逻辑主语必须是主格词，不能用其宾格词。She不能换为 her。分词的逻辑主语（即主格词）和主句的主语不能表示同一概念，例1中的she和I不是同一个人；下面例2中的spring和the fields也不是同一概念。
独立分词结构的句法功能是在句中作状语，相当于分词短语，表示谓语动词的时间、原因、条件、方式和伴随状况。如
2Spring coming，the fields are full of life．春天来了，田野里充满生机。（时间）
3．Professor Wang being ill，the lecture was put off．因为王教授生病，报告被推迟了。（原因）
4．More time given，we should have done it much better．如果给我们更多的时间，我们会做得更好。（条件）
5．The tourists visited many scenic spots in Beijing，the guide acting as interpreter．导游做翻译，游客们游览了北京的很多景点。（方式）
6．The boy stood there，his right hand raised．那个男生坐在那里，右手高举。（伴随）
在独立分词结构中，主格词与分词形成逻辑主谓关系时，用现在分词，如例句2中，“春天”和“到来”是逻辑主谓关系，用现在分词；主格词与分词形成逻辑动宾关系时，用过去分词，如例句4中，“时间”和“给”，是动宾关系（被动关系），用过去分词。
在独立分词结构中，如果强调分词的时间发生在主句动词时间之前，常用现在分词完成时态表示。如：
7．Her money（having been）stolen，she couldn't buy a plane ticket for her home．她的钱被偷了，她不能买回家的飞机票了。（时间和原因）
8．The chairman having announced the agenda of the conference，the delegates left the assembly hall．主席宣布会议议程后，代表们离开了会议大厅。（时间）
9．The students having done all the exercises，the teacher went on to explain the text．学生做完所有的练习后，老师继续讲课文。（时间）
在独立分词结构中，being和having been常常可以省略。如例1、3、7分别变为1．She my close friend，I should have helped her． 3．Professor Wang ill，the lecture was put off． 7．Her money stolen，she couldn't buy a plane ticket for her home．省略being和having been后，更强调状态和原因。
注：“there being ＋主格词”是独立分词结构的一种特殊形式，意义上表示存在，句法上相当于一个状语，表示原因、条件。如例10、11：
10．There being no bus，we had to go back home on foot．因为没有公共汽车，我们步行回了家。
这里no bus是主格词，there being是分词短语。主格词通常由名词、名词词组和不定代词充当。这里人称代词不能充当主格词。 There being一般不省略。例如：
11．There being no one in the classroom， Mr．Li had to leave．教室没有一个人，老李只有离开。

二、独立不定式结构
独立分词结构表示的时间是发生在主句动词动作之前或同时发生。如果时间发生在主句动词动作之后或者还没有发生，就需要用独立不定式结构来表达。独立不定式结构的构成是：“主格词＋不定式”。主格词是代词、名词和名词词组。如：
12．More time to be given，we will make full use of it．再给一些时间，我们就会充分利用它。（将来时间，表示假设）
13．Nobody to come tomorrow，we will have to put off the meeting till next week．如果明天没有人来，我们将把会议推迟到下周。（将来时间，表示计划）
在独立不定式结构中，不定式多表示将来的动作行为或状态，有企图、约定等含义，指的是计划、安排、假设的事情。又如：
14．The exam to be held tomorrow，I couldn't go to the cinema tonight．明天要考试，我今晚不能去看电影。（将来的计划）
独立不定式结构中，如果主格词和不定式构成逻辑上的主谓关系，如例13中nobody和come构成主动语态，不定式就用主动语态；如果构成动宾关系，如例12中time和 give，构成逻辑上的被动关系，不定式则用被动语态。
三、独立无动词结构
独立无动词结构的构成是：“主格词＋非动词部分”。主格词可以是代词、名词和名词词组，非动词部分是：名词（短语）、形容词（短语）、副词（短语）、和介词（短语）。这种结构多用来表达对主句细节的补充说明，对主句动词意义上的伴随，有时还用来表达事件发生的原因、时间等。如：
15．We met many guests，most of them Americans．我们会见了很多客人，客人大部分是美国人。（名词）（补充）
16．I heard that she got injured in the accident，my heart full of worry．我听说她在这场事故中受了伤，内心充满担忧。（形容词）（伴随）
17．The murderer got into the house，a knife in his hand．凶手闯进房间，手里拿着刀。（介词短语）（伴随）
18．The murderer got into the house，knife in hand．（介词短语）（伴随）
在“主格词＋介词短语”结构中，主格词的修饰语和介词的宾语修饰语必须保持一致。如例17、例18。前一个名词是泛指而后一个名词是特指，或前一个名词是特指而后一个名词是泛指都是不对的。如a knife in hand和knife in his hand都是错误的。
四、with复合结构
with复合结构在中学英语中比较常见。它的构成是：“with ＋宾语＋宾语补足语”。宾语由代词、名词、名词词组充当，宾补由分词、不定式、形容词、副词、介词短语、名词等充当。根据句意需要，with可换为without。如：
19．Holms and Watson sat with the light on for half an hour．福尔摩斯和沃森坐着，让灯亮了半个小时。（介词短语）（伴随）
20．Possibly this person died without anyone knowing where the coins were hidden．也许这个人死了，谁也不知道钱币藏在哪里。（现在分词）（伴随）
21．He used to sleep with the door open．他过去常开着门睡觉。（形容词）（伴随）
22．With the work done，he went home．工作做完后，他回了家。（过去分词）（时间）
23．With you to help us，we will finish the task in time．由你来帮助，我们将会及时完成任务。（不定式）（条件）
24．Hong Kong looks more beautiful with thousands of lights on at night．夜里，香港万盏灯火，分外美丽。（副词）（伴随）
在with复合结构中，宾语和宾补之间形成逻辑上的主谓关系。如例19中the light和 on是逻辑主谓关系，又如例20中anyone和 knowing分词短语形成逻辑主谓关系。当这种主谓关系表现为主动语态时，用现在分词， anyone和know是主动语态，用现在分词 knowing；当这种主谓关系表现为被动语态时，用过去分词，如例22中work和do是被动语态，工作被做，用过去分词done；当这种主谓关系表示将来意义时，用不定式，如例23中事情没有发生，用to help us；当这种主谓关系表示伴随意义时，用现在分词，请比较例25与26：
25．With a boy leading the way，they started towards the village．由一个小男孩领着路，他们朝那个村子去了。（表示伴随，事情已经做了）
26．Without anyone to lead the way in the city，he will certainly get lost．在这个城市没人给他领路，他肯定会迷路的。（表示条件，事情还没有做）
with复合结构还可以作定语。对所修饰的名词进行补充、说明，相当于非限定性定语从句。如：
27．On his way home he found a silver coin，with a man's head on its face．在回家的路上，他发现了一枚银币，币上有一个男人的头像。
28．The old man with his eyes looking at the sky is my grandfather．那个眼睛望着天空的老人是我爷爷。
高考例析：
1．The murderer was brought in，with his hands __________ behind his back．
A．being tied B．having tied C．to be tied D．tied（MET 1991）
本题答案：D
该题中hands和tie之间是被动关系，选 tied为正确答案。A项中being tied现在分词的被动式，不能表示状态；C项中to be tied将要被绑，也不表示状态；B项中having tied为主动语态，不表示被动关系。
2．__________ production up by 60％，thecompany has had another excellent year．
A．As B．For C．With D．Though（NMET 2000）
本题答案：C
该题中production产品是with的宾语， up by 60％是副词短语作宾补，它们共同构成 with的复合结构，在句中作状语，起补充说明作用。as，for是两个介词，不能带up by 60％这个副词短语，though是连词，须引导句子，也不对。
巩固练习：
1．The thief stood before the policeman，__________ admitting what he had done．
A．with his drooping head B．drooping his head
C．raising his head D．with his head down
2．__________ ，he can't go out for a walk as usual．
A．With so much work to do B．With so much work doing
C．With so much work done D．Without so much work to do
3．It's quite strange that the man sleeps with his mouth __________ and his eyes __________ ．
A．closed；open B．closed；opened
C．closing；open D．closing；opening
4．All things __________ ，the plan trip will have to be called off．
A．be considered B．considered
C．considering D．having considering
5．__________ ，we have to get down to business right away．
A．As there was no time left B．There is no time left
C．There being no time left D．There to be no time left
6．__________ yesterday，we went out for a walk．
A．As a fine day B．It was a fine day
C．It being a fine day D．For it was a fine day
7．The old man stood there，__________ ．
A．with back against the wall B．with his back against the wall
C．with back against wall D．his back against wall
答案：
1—5 DAABC 6—7 CB


二、独立主格结构巩固练习
1. ______ no bus, we had to walk home.
A. There was B. There being C. Because there being
2. ____, I'll go there with you tomorrow afternoon.
A. Time permits B. If time permitting C. Time permitting D. Time's permitting
3. _____, we all went home happily.
A. Goodbye was said B. Goodbye had been said
C. Goodbye said D. When goodbye said
4. _____, we all went swimming in high spirits.
A. It being fine weather B. It fine weather
C. It was fine weather D. It being a fine weather
5. ____, the bus started at once.
A. The signal was given B. The signal giving
C. The signal given D. When the signal given
6. She stood there, _____ from her cheeks.
A. tears' rolling down B. tears rolled down
C. with tears rolled down D. tears rolling down
7. ____, the leaves are turning green.
A. When spring coming on B. Spring coming on
C. Spring came on D. Spring being come on
8. _____, I had to buy a new one.
A. My dictionary losing B. My dictionary having been lost
C. My dictionary had been lost D. Because my dictionary lost
9. I used to sleep with the window _____.
A. opened B. open C. opening D to open
10. ____, the hunter went into the forest.
A. A gun on shoulder B. A gun was on his shoulder
C. Gun on shoulder D. A gun being on shoulder
11. ____ production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year.
A. As B. For C. With D. Through
12. With a lot of work ____, I have to sit up tonight.
A. do B. doing C. done D. to do
13. He stood there silently, his lips_____.
A. trembling B. trembled C. were trembling D. were trembling
14. _____, her suggestion is of greater value than yours.
A. All things considering B. All things considered
C. All things were considered D. With all things were considered
15. ______, we will surely succeed.
A. The teacher helping us B. The teacher to help us
C. The teacher will help us D. With the teacher helping
1-5 BCCAC 6-10 DBBBC 11-15 CDABB



一、独立主格结构的概念及基本构成形式
独立主格结构（the absolute structure）是由名词或代词加上分词或分词短语构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子，而不是一个词或词组。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词或分词短语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，独立主格结构的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。例如：
1）Night enshrouding the earth，nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance．
（黑夜笼罩大地，谁也看不清远处黑压压的一片是什么东西。）
2）He lay at full length upon his stomach，his head resting upon his left forearm．
（他的脊背朝天，四肢伸展，头枕着左臂，直挺挺地趴伏着。）
3）The coward was backing，his face being deathly pale，toward another room．（那个胆小鬼向另一个房间退去，脸色煞白。）
独立主格结构多用于书面语，尤其是描述性语言中，在口语和非正式文体中，一般用从句或两个句子来代替。例如，上述例句可变为：
1）Because night enshrouded the earth， nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance．
2）He lay at full length upon his stomach．His head rested upon his left forearm．
3）The coward was backing toward another room．His face was deathly pale．

二、独立主格结构的特殊构成形式
独立主格结构除上述基本构成形式，即名词／代词＋分词（短语）外，还有如下特殊构成形式。
1．名词＋介词短语
1）The mayor of Hiroshima strode at a leisure pace toward the puzzled journalist，a bunch of flowers in his hands．（广岛市市长双手捧着一束鲜花，迈着方步走向那个迷惑不解的记者。）
2）Every afternoon a very old woman hobbled past the ramshackle house，a vast load of firewood on her back．（每天下午，一个背着一大背柴禾的老妇人都会从那间东倒西歪的房屋前蹒跚着走过。）
2．名词＋形容词（短语）
1）The Trojans asleep，the Greek soldiers crept out of the hollow wooden horse．（特洛伊人睡着了，于是希腊士兵从中空的木马里悄悄爬了出来。）
2）The wretched boy，who has recently been dragged from the forest to scrub floors in the barracks，is now sweeping away the snow，his hands numb with cold．（那个可怜的小男孩最近刚刚从森林中被抓进兵营里打扫地板，现在他正在扫雪，手都冻麻了。）
3．名词＋副词
1）This little excitement over，noth- ing was to be done but to return to a steadfast gaze at my mute companion．（一阵小小的兴奋过后，除了再去死死地盯着我的哑伴外，别无它事可干了。）
2）This intermezzo over，he found himself surrounded by several stunning，
porcelain-faced Japanese women in kimonos．（这曲子过后，他发现自己身处几位穿着和服并且有着娇好面容的日本女人的包围之中。）
此外，with常常用在独立主格结构前，构成介词短语作状语。这种用法中的with不表达什么意义，因而常可省略。请看例句：
1）With a revolver in his right hand， Johnny hurled his muscular body against the door and smashed it down with a crash．（约翰尼右手拿着左轮手枪，健壮的身体猛扑在门上，轰隆一声把门撞开了。）
2）The traffic inched along，with horns honking．（汽车缓慢地向前挪着，喇叭声不断响着。）

三、独立主格结构的用法
独立主格结构在句中一般作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等。
1．作时间状语
1）My shoes removed，I entered a low-ceilinged room，treading cautiously on the soft tatami matting．＝After my shoes were removed， I entered a low-ceilinged room，treading cautiously on the soft tatami matting．（我脱掉鞋子后，走进一间屋顶很低的房间，小心翼翼地踩在柔软的塌塌米垫子上。）
2）The governor pondering the matter， more strikers gathered across his path．＝While the governor was pondering the matter，more strikers gathered across his path．（总督思考这个问题时，更多的罢工工人聚集在他要通过的路上。）
2．作条件状语
1）Weather permitting，they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow．＝If weather permits，they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow．（如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。）
2）Such being the case，you have no grounds for dismissing him．＝If such is the case，you have no grounds for dismissing him．（如果情况如此的话，你没有理由解聘他。）
3．作原因状语
1）The storm drawing near，the navvy decided to call it a day．＝Since the storm was drawing near，the navvy decided to call it a day．（由于暴风雨即将来临，那个挖土小工决定收工。）
2）The Cossack being intent on his stalking，his foot touched the protruding bough that was the trigger．＝Because the Cossack was intent on his stalking，his foot touched the protruding bough that was the trigger．（这位哥萨克人只顾专心致志地朝前大步走着，所以一只脚踩上了伸出地面的树枝，那是一个机关的起动装置。）
4．作伴随状语
1）I took my ticket，and marched proudly up the platform，with my cheeses，the people falling back respectfully on either side．＝I took my ticket，and marched proudly up the plat- form，with my cheeses，and the people fell back respectfully on either side．（我拿着车票还有我的奶酪，雄赳赳气昂昂地跨步走向月台。人们似乎很尊敬我，纷纷向两边退去。）
2）He would appear in the doorway，gray fedora pulled low over his face，his eyes sweeping the room for any sign of trouble．＝ He would appear in the doorway．A gray fedora was pulled low over his face，and his eyes swept the room for any sign of trouble．（他常常出现在门廊里，一顶灰色浅顶软呢帽遮住大半个脸，眼睛扫过整个房屋，寻找滋事的迹象。）

四、独立主格结构常见出题形式及解题策略
独立主格结构是一常考项目，在各级各类考试中多以语法结构填空形式出现。例如：
1）All flights ，we decided to take a greyhound．
A．were canceled B．had been canceled
C．having canceled D．having been canceled
2）The production steadily，the factory needs an ever-increasing supply of raw material．
A．has gone up B．is going up
C．having gone up D．being gone up
此类题型的解题策略可以概括为“结构分析法”，即首先分析句子结构，判断句子缺少的成分，同时注意主句与其他部分之间有无连接词，是否用逗号隔开。若有逗号而无连接词，则可对选项部分作如下初步判断：1）选项部分可能会构成状语从句或非限制性定语从句（但二者必须由从属连词或关系代词、关系副词引导）；
2）选项部分可能会构成起状语作用的非谓语动词短语（但非谓语动词作状语时其逻辑主语通常为主句的主语）；
3）选项部分可能会构成起状语作用的独立主格结构（独立主格结构有自己的主语，并可扩展为状语从句或独立句子）。初步判断后，即可联系句子，对照选项，作出选择。
上述例题1）中的选项A和B与All flights构成了句子，但该句没有任何从属连词、关系代词或关系副词引导，与主句之间也无连接词，因而是错误的，应排除。选项C和D与All flights都可构成独立主格结构，作原因状语，但根据题意，应选D，因为“班机”是“被取消”的。
同样，例题2）中的选项A和B与名词 the production构成了句子，但该句无连接词连接两个句子，因而应排除。选项C和D与 the production都可构成独立主格结构，作原因状语，但根据题意，“产量在稳步增长”，在逻辑上是主谓关系，应用主动语态，所以应选C。
此外，独立主格结构也时常见于其他诸如Cloze Test等题型中，并能广泛运用于写作和翻译之中。可见，掌握了独立主格结构对于学生提高综合应试能力是大有裨益的。

Choose the best from the four choices．
1．Ford tried dividing the labor，each worker a separate task．
A．assigning B．assigned C．was assigned D．would be assigned
2．The lecture ，he left his seat so quietly that no one complained that his leaving disturbed the speaker．
A．began B．beginning C．having begun D．being beginning
3．Such the case ，there are no grounds to justify your complaints．
A．being B．is C．was D．to be
4．Darkness in，the young people lingered on merrymaking．
A．set B．setting C．has set D．was set
5．With all factors ，we think this program may excel all the others in achieving the goal．
A．being considered B．considering C．considered D．are considered
6．A new technique ，the yields as a whole increased by 20 percent．
A．to have been worked out B．having worked out C．working out D．having been worked out
7．On the top was the clear outline of a great wolf sitting still，ears ，alert，listening．
A．pointed B．pointing C．are pointed D．are pointing
8．Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office ，but our work ，we declined the offer．
A．not being finished B．not having finished C．had not been finished D．was not finished
9．There are various kinds of metals ，each its own properties．
A．has B．had C．to have D．having
10．The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports，each one major point in contrast with the other．
A．makes B．made C．is to make D．making

Key：1—5 BCABC 6—10 DAADD