别苑

001
Basic building materials include: timber, mud, stone, marble, brick, tile, steel, and cement concrete. Masonry walls are built with stones or bricks, cohered through the use of mortar, first composed of lime and sand. The profusion of aluminum and its anodized coatings provided cladding material that was lightweight and virtually maintenance free. Glass was known in prehistory and is celebrated for its contributions to Gothic architecture.
翻译：基本建筑材料包括：木材，泥土，石头，大理石，砖，瓦，钢铁，水泥混凝土。砌石墙用砂浆进行粘合的砖块和石块，它们起初是由沙子和石灰组成的。大量的铝和它的电镀层提供的覆层使得它重量轻而且免于维护。玻璃在史前被人们得知，但因哥特式的建筑而闻名于世

Word：
timber  n. 木材
(US lumber)
[U] wood prepared for use in building or carpentry （建筑或木工用的）木材, 木料: dressed timber, ie sawn, shaped and planed ready for use 刨好的木材 * [attrib 作定语] a `timber-merchant 木材商 * a `timber-yard, ie where timber is stored, bought and sold, etc 木材场.
 [U] trees suitable for this 用材林: standing (ie growing) timber 未伐的树木 * cut down/fell timber 伐木 * put a hundred acres of land under timber, ie plant it with trees 种植一百英亩用材林.
 [C] piece of wood, esp a beam, used in constructing a house or ship （造房屋或船用的）木料, （尤指）大梁: roof/floor timbers 房檩[地板龙骨].
> timber interj (used as a warning that a tree is about to fall after being cut 伐木工在树木将倒时示警的呼喊声).
timbered adj
1 (of buildings) built of wooden beams or with a framework of these （指建筑物）木造的, 木结构的.
2 (of land) planted with trees; wooded （指土地）生长着树木的, 有林木的.
# `timber-line n [sing] = tree-line (tree).
`timber-wolf n large grey wolf of N America （北美产的）大灰狼.

marble  n. 大理石
[U] type of hard limestone used, when cut and polished, for building and sculpture 大理石: a slab of unpolished marble 未经打磨的大理石板 * These steps are made of marble. 这些台阶是大理石的. * [attrib 作定语] a marble statue, tomb, etc 大理石的雕像﹑ 墓等.
 marbles [pl] collection of marble sculptures; works of art in marble 大理石雕刻品; 大理石艺术品.
 (a) [C] small ball of glass, clay, etc used by children in games （儿童玩的）玻璃弹球, 泥弹球. (b) marbles [pl] game played with these 弹球游戏: Let's have a game of marbles. 咱们玩儿弹球游戏吧.
 (idm 习语) lose one's marbles => lose.
> marble adj [attrib 作定语] (fig 比喻) like marble 像大理石的: marble (ie smooth and white) skin 大理石般光洁的皮肤 * a marble (ie cold and unfeeling) heart 铁石心肠.
marbled adj having a pattern of streaks in different colours, resembling marble 有大理石般色彩纹理的: a book with marbled covers 有大理石花纹封面的书.
marbling  n [U] (technique of producing a) marbled pattern on paper 纸上的大理石花纹图案（制作技术）.

tile   n. 饰面砖，瓷砖
slab of baked clay or other material used in rows for covering roofs, walls, floors, etc （盖屋顶﹑ 贴墙﹑ 铺地等用的）瓦, 瓷砖, 板, 片: covered the wall in cork tiles 用软木板贴墙 * insulated the ceiling with expanded polystyrene tiles 用多孔聚苯乙烯板使天花板保温 * carpet tiles, ie carpet sold in small squares for laying in rows 小方地毯. =>illus at App 1 见附录1插图, page vii.
 any of the small flat pieces used in certain board games （某些用棋盘进行之游戏的）棋子.
 (idm 习语) on the `tiles (sl 俚) enjoying oneself away from home in a wild or drunken way 在外狂欢或纵酒作乐.
> tile n [Tn] cover (a surface) with tiles 用瓦﹑ 瓷砖等覆盖（某物表面）: a tiled bathroom 铺瓷砖的浴室.

cement concrete  n. 水泥混凝土
Key words： reinforced concrete、 concrete、 high performance concrete、 cement concrete、 pozzolanic effect、 mass concrete.
关键词：钢筋混凝土、混凝土、性能混凝土、高强混凝土、泥混凝土、生骨料混凝土、体积混凝土。

cladding  n. 覆层：在高温高压下结合到另一金属上的金属外层
celebrated  adj. 著名的
Gothic  adj. 哥特式的
architecture n. 建筑, 建筑学

【散文翻译】
狗（上） 老舍
中国狗恐怕是世界上最可怜最难看的狗。此处之“难看”并不指狗种而言，而是与“可怜”密切相关。无论狗的模样身材如何，只要喂养得好，它便会长得肥肥胖胖的，看着顺眼。中国人穷。人且吃不饱，都就更提不到了[1]。因此，中国狗最难看；不是因为它长得不体面，而是因为他骨瘦如柴，终年夹着尾巴[2]。
每逢我看见被遗弃的小野狗在街上寻找粪吃，我便要落泪。我并非是爱作伤感的人，动不动就要哭一鼻子[3]。我看见小狗的可怜，也就是感到人民的贫穷。民富而后猫狗肥[4]。
中国人动不动就说：我们地大物博。那也就是说，我们不用着急呀，我们有的是东西，永远都吃不完喝不尽哪！哼，请看看你们的狗吧！
The Dog---(part one)
Of all dogs in the world, those in China are perhaps the most pitiful and ugly-looking. But it is their wretched life rather than their breed that is to blame for their ugliness. All dogs, if well-fed, will be plump and nice-looking irrespective of their bodily form. In poverty-stricken China, people don’t even have enough to feed themselves, let alone dogs. Chinese dogs are ugly-looking not because they are born like that, but because they’ve been reduced to skin and bones by hunger, with tails between their legs all the year round. I
always feel like crying whenever I see a homeless little dog roaming about the street in search of human excrement. It doesn’t mean that I’m a sentimental, lachrymose sort. It’s because I associate the misery of the little dog with the poverty of our people. Our cats and dogs will never get nice fat unless our people are well-off.
We are apt to declare that ours is a big country with rich natural resources, meaning that there is no need for us to worry because we have plenty of everything to last us forever and ever. Well, why not take a look at our dogs!
还有：狗虽那么摸不着吃，那么随便就被人踢两脚，打两棍，可是它们还照旧的替人们服务。尽管它们饿成皮包着骨[5]，尽管它们刚被主人踹了两脚，他们还是极忠诚的去尽看门守夜的责任。狗永远不嫌主人穷[6]。这样的动物理应得到人们的赞美[7]，而忠诚、义气、安贫、勇敢，等等好字眼都该归之于狗。可是，我不晓得为什么中国人不分黑白的把汉奸与小人叫做走狗，倒仿佛狗是不忠诚不一起的动物。我为狗喊冤叫屈[8]！
猫才是好吃懒做，有肉即来，无食即去的东西。洋奴与小人理应被叫作“走猫”。
或者是因为狗的脾气好，不像猫那样傲慢，所以中国人不说“走猫”而说“走狗”？假若真是那样，我就又觉得人们未免有点“软的欺，硬的怕”了[9]！
不过，也许有一种狗，学名叫作“走狗”；那我还不大清楚。
The Dog---(part two)
Dogs always remain man’s faithful servants though they are under-fed and kicked and beaten without any reason. A dog continues to perform with loyal devotion the duty of guarding the door and keeping watch at night though he has been starved to a skeleton and kicked at by his master. He never minds how poor his master is. Such an animal deserves our high praise. We should attribute to them such laudatory epithets as “devotion”, “loyalty”, “content with poverty”, “courage”, etc. But I wonder why we have been undiscriminatingly calling traitors and villains “running dogs”, as if dogs were disloyal and unfaithful animals. I should voice grievances for them!
Cats, however, are greedy and lazy. They comes to you when you have meat to offer, but otherwise leave you, Flunkeys of imperialism and mean persons should have been called “running cats”.
Perhaps the reason why we prefer to say “running dogs” rather than “running cats” is that dogs are good-tempered while cats are supercilious. If so, I would think that people are perhaps inclined to bully the weak and fear the strong.
Maybe there is a kind of dog whose scientific name is “running dog”, I’m not quite sure.

注释;
[5]译文 starved to a skeleton和reduced to skin and bones by hunger同义。
[6]句可译为He never minds how poor his master is 或He never complains of his master being so poor.
[7]句可译为Such an animal deserves our high praise或 An animal like this ought to earn our high commendation。
[8]句可译为I should voice grievances for them 或I should cry out against such injustice on behalf of them。
[9]句可译为people are perhaps inclined to bully the weak and fear the strong.或people are perhaps prejudiced against the weak but in favour of the strong.

Hank Paulson, US Treasury secretary, called on China on Tuesday to strengthen its currency amid deepening fears in Washington and beyond about the possible effects of a plunge in the value of the renminbi.

Speaking ahead of a trip to Beijing, Mr Paulson called on China to maintain its policy of encouraging the renminbi to appreciate.

Market expectations for the renminbi a year from now indicate it could weaken to Rmb7.30 against the dollar from its current level of Rmb6.8871. On Monday, the dollar rallied 0.7 per cent against the renminbi, rising from Rmb6.8346 – the biggest one-day appreciation for the dollar since the renminbi floated in 2005.

The shift led some analysts to conclude China was seeking to compensate for the global economic slowdown by devaluing.

Many economists have warned that competitive devaluations – particularly by big trading nations such as China and Japan – run the risk of making global slowdowns worse by reducing overall demand.

In a speech looking forward to this week's Strategic Economic Dialogue between China and the US – a forum much prized by Beijing – Mr Paulson called for China to take measures leading towards “sustainable, strong and balanced growth”.

He added: “This means relying more on domestic demand and less on exports to drive growth,” a shift he said would require “bold leadership and decisive structural reforms” to boost ordinary Chinese families' spending and improve China's allocation of capital.

“Continued reform of China's exchange rate policies is an integral part of this broader reform process,” he said. “China has appreciated the renminbi over 20 per cent against the dollar since 2005 – this is important and significant, but it is important that the reform process continue.”

译文：
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与货币金融学相联系的知识点。
1.人民币贬值原因 国际金融危机加深、全球经济衰退，使得作为全球最重要结算货币的美元“因祸得福”，成为避险资金的“避风港”。美元因市场需求旺盛而不断走俏，与此同时，包括人民币在内的其它货币自然要走弱。另通常情况下，货币贬值都与通货膨胀紧密相连，通货膨胀会带来货币的贬值，货币的贬值，意味着出现了通货膨胀。而货币贬值意味着购买能力的下降，实际消费水平的降低，会对社会稳定会产生不利影响
2.影响：纺织服装等出口企业受益；但大跌则不利于资金市场的稳定，存在资本流出的风险。所以，央行一定会将人民币汇率控制在适当范围。从心理上刺激消费需求；扩大就业；影响外商投资积极性。
3.央行控制汇率之央行作用。
4.对利率准备金的影响：　第一，可以将金融机构分散保管的准备金集中起来，防止存款人集中、大量挤提存款而导致银行支付能力的削弱，从而保证金融机构的资金清偿能力和整个金融体系的稳定；第二，用于调节和控制金融机构的信用创造能力和贷款规模，控制货币供应量；第三，增强央行的资金实力，确保整个国家的金融安全。
调整存款准备金率有其一定的局限性，其中包括央行确定存款准备金率调整的时机和幅度难度较大，同时商业银行也难于迅速调整准备金数额以符合提高的法定限额。如果存款准备金率上调过高，会使商业银行资金周转不灵。

《英语词汇的奥秘》是一本通过记忆词根词缀从而扩大单词量的书籍。书中词根共有252组。词缀若干。计划每天学习四组并记忆，63天完成词根部分。

1.ag=do act
agent  代理人 
agential  代理人的  agent-ial
subagent 副代理人  sub-agent
coagent  共事者 合作者 co-agent
counteragent 反作用剂 反抗力 counter-agent
agency  代理 代理处  agen-cy
agenda 议事日程   agen-da
agile   灵活的敏捷的 agile
agility   灵活 敏捷   agility
agitate  鼓动煽动 使不安定 agit-ate
atitation n.鼓动煽动  agit-ation
atitator  鼓动者  agit-ator
agitatress 女煽动家 agit=atress
agitated 不安的  agit-ated
agitating  使人不安的 agit-ating

2 agri
agri=field(agri也作agro agr)
agriculture  农业 农艺 agri-culture
agricultural 农业的 农艺的 agri-cultural
agriculturist  农学家  agri-culturist
agricorporation 农业综合公司 agri-corporation
agrimotor 农用拖拉机  agri-motor
agronomy  农学 农艺学 农作物学 agro-nomy
agronomic 农学的 农艺学的 agro-nomic
agronomist  农学家 agro-nomist
agrology  农业土壤学 agro-logy
agrobiology 农业生物学 agro-biology
agrotechnique  农业技术  agro-technique
agro-town 建在农村地区的城镇
agrochemicals 农药 agro-chemicals
agro-industry  农业工业 agro-industry
agrarian 土地的，耕地的 agra-rian
agrestic 乡间的 乡野的 粗野的

3 ann
ann=year (ann也作enn）
anniversary  周年纪念（日）ann-i-vers-ary
annual 每年的 年度的 ann-ual
annals 编年史 ann-als
annalist 编年史作者 anna-list
annuity 年金  annu-ity
annuitant 领受年金的人 annu-itant
superannuate 因年老而令退休 太旧的过时的 super-annuate
superannuation  年老退休 super-annuation
perennial 全年的四季不断的 per-enni-al
semiannual 半年一次的 semi-ann-ual

4.audi 听
audi=here (audi也作audit）
audience 听众 倾听 audi-ence
auditorium 礼堂 讲堂 听众席 audit-orium
audible 听的见的 可闻的 audi-ible
audibility 可听性 可闻的 audi-ibility
inaudible  听不见的，不能听到的 in-audi-ble
audit 旁听的 audi-t
auditor 旁听者 审计员 audi-tor
auditory 听觉的  audi-ory
audiphone 助听器 audi-phone
audition  听觉 听 audi-tion
audiometer 听力计 听力测量器  audi-o-merter
audiometry 听力测量 测听术 audi-o-metry
audiology 听觉学  audi-o-logy
audio 听觉的 audi-o
audio-visual 视听法的，视觉的听觉的 audio-visual
audiovisuals 视听教材 直观教具 audi-o-visuals