71) While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. Caught in the web of its own time and place, each generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past. In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequently partial or partisan. The irony of the historian's craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process.
bopsam_03点评:在71)的翻译部分中,注意句子的主干是什么?While引导什么样的从句,"as... as"前后有什么样的关系,"one"在句中做什么样的成分,后面的that是什么从句,和"one"有什么样的逻辑关系."sees...as..."怎样理解,"to recreate and explain..."和"the attempt"有什么样的逻辑关系?最后注意几个词的译法"definitions""modern practice""conforms to""to recreate ""events".在后边的部分中,"caught"和后边的"each generation of historians"有逻辑上的动宾关系,"its own time and place"指的是自身的时空,"anew"指的是重新的意思,"what"引导宾语从句,"significant"有意义的.接着的一句,"the evidence found"中的"found"作为"evidence"的后置宾语,"partial"片面的,"partisan"盲目的."the irony of..."具有讽刺意味的是,第一个"that"引导同谓语从句,第二个"that"引导宾语从句,"craft"在这里有特别的含义,指"从事的职业","contributions to"对...的贡献,"unending"表示永无止境的.
72) Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past. Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world. 73) During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.
bopsam_03点评:72)的翻译部分中,句子的主干是"Interest... has arisen less through ...and more from...",注意"less through ""...and more from"的翻译方法,"challenge"和"to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline"在逻辑上有什么关系,"internal quarrels"和"among historians themselves"有什么样的关系,注意几个词的处理"Interest in historical methods""arisen""validity""internal quarrels".接着一句,"while"引导时间状语从句,翻译为"当...","revered"理解为"重视","the affinity to literature and philosophy"指的是文学和哲学的关系,"seems to do"似乎是...;下边一句,"be adapt to"指的是"适应","rather than...""而不是","methodologies"指的是方法论.在73)的翻译部分中,"...methods were augmented by..."是句子的主干,"designed to..."和"methodologies"有什么样的关系,注意几个词的处理"transfer""augmented""additional methodologies""interpret"'in the historical study '"the new forms of evidence"
Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession. 74) There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. Historians, especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of tunnel method, frequently fall victim to the technicist fallacy. Also common in the natural sciences, the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation. 75) It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.
bopsam_03点评:第一句是个定义句,介绍什么是"methodology"."that"引导表语从句,"ambiguous"含糊的.在74)的翻译部分中,注意理解句子的主干," whether methodology refers to ...or to ..."和"agreement"有什么样的逻辑关系,"the concepts"和"peculiar to historical work in general"有什么样的关系,注意几个词语的翻译"agreement""whether...refers to... or to... ""the concepts/peculiar to/historical work/in general""the research techniques""appropriate to""the various branches""historical inquiry".后边的一句话,"especially..."作为句子的插入语,"that"与"interest"有逻辑上的动宾关系,做宾语从句,"be accused of"被控告,被指责,后边的部分中"fall"的主语是"historians".后边的一句,"common in the natural sciences"指的是"在自然领域也常见","indentify...as..."把...认做....在75)的翻译部分中,主干结构"It applies equally to..., and to ..."应该怎么理解,"traditional historians who view history as..."和"social science historians who equate... with..."有什么样的逻辑关系?注意几个词的处理"traditional historians""view history as""sources""social science historians""their activity""equate... with""specific techniques"
Reference Answer
1.
71)几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代史学家的实践最趋向于认为，历史学是试图重现过去的重大史实并对其作出解释。
72)人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。
73)在这种转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方法。
74)所谓方法论是指一般的历史研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域使用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。
75)这种谬论同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派；前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论，后者认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。
翻译下边一段话：
Firewalls and intrusion detection systems used to protect data networks often interfere with voice calls by delaying information as it travels across the network. This leads to calls breaking up or being dropped. In addition, firewalls are no defence against internal hackers.
用于保护数据网络的防火墙和入侵侦测系统延缓了数据在网络上的传播，因而经常干扰语音电话。这导致电话中断或脱线。此外，防火墙无法防御内部黑客。