总结：embryonic, stem,

This year's Nobel Prize in medicine will go to 3 researchers who found a way to learn about the duties of individual genes. They discovered how to inactivate, or knock out, single genes in laboratory animals. The result is known as "knockout mice".

今年诺贝尔医学奖将授予三名研究人员，他们在研究个体基因功能方面有所发现。他们可以使做实验用的动物体内的个体特定基因如何不活跃，如何失去作用。这就是所谓的“剔除小鼠”。

The (Karolinska) Institute named the winners last week. Two Americans, Mario (Capecchi) and Oliver Smithies, will share the 1.5 million dollar prize with Martin (Evans) of Britain. They will receive what is officially called the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine at a ceremony in (Stockholm), Sweden, on December 10th.

卡罗林斯卡医学院上周宣布了获奖名单，美国人Mario Capecchi和Oliver Smithies将与英国人Martin Evans共同分享150万美元奖金。他们将于12月10日，在瑞典的斯德哥尔摩举办的颁奖仪式上正式接受“诺贝尔生理学或医学奖”。

In the 1980s, Mario (Capecchi) and Oliver Smithies both studied cells in mice to find how to target individual genes for changes. But the kinds of cells they independently studied could not be used to create gene-targeted animals.

在20世纪80年代，Mario Capecchi和Oliver Smithies两人对实验鼠的细胞都进行了研究，想发现改变的个体基因是如何进行靶向的。但他们各自研究的这类细胞并不能用来培育“基因靶向”的动物。

Martin (Evans) had the solution. He developed (embryonic) stem cells that could produce mice that carried new genetic material. The research greatly expanded knowledge about (embryonic) development as well as aging and disease. It led to a new technology -- gene targeting. And this has already produced 500 mouse models of human conditions.

但Martin Evans对此却有解决的办法。他研发出了胚胎干细胞，它能培育出携带新基因物质的小鼠。该研究大大地扩展了人们对胚胎发育、衰老和疾病的认识，它引导了一门新技术——基因靶向，该技术已培育出了与人类疾病相关的500只小鼠。