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【专题连载】Leon互动雅思语法系列:虚拟语气

《互动雅思语法》前言

掐指一算,朗阁的词汇语法班,我已经上了整整七个月了。淮海路总部的词汇语法课从2月底接手开始,也已经上到第四轮了。在这七个月的时间里,我接触到了无数的学生,有些基础很好,觉得语法课虽然内容简单平实,但是收获颇多,也有很多基础较薄弱的学生,觉得好像什么都不懂,什么都需要学,上课觉得心里很慌。我也一直在探索着这样一条道路:既能让基础好的学生整理语法思路,提高写作水平,又能让初学者明白语法的基本概念,写出语法正确的句子。

这些日子,我一直在探索。我先后购买了15本语法书,在没课的时间里,就在家里或社区的图书馆里埋头啃读。语法的讲义一次次在更新,教学的模式一次次在改革,对语法教学的思路一次次在明晰。

这次第三版的讲义改革,最大的特点就是强调互动性,强调所有学生的参与。因为语言的习得就是一个输入和输出的过程,语法的学习如果光依靠灌输,那么终究还是不能内化,无法变成学生自己的东西。所以就有了这个栏目。

原本《互动语法》栏目的开通是要从下一轮第三版讲义开始的,无奈这一轮还有一个很重要的语法点来不及上完,只能提前将这个互动的栏目开起来了。希望大家结合讲义自己学习,并完成后面的互动作业。

本栏目与淮海词汇语法班保持同步。欢迎词汇语法班的同学踊跃参与互动。其它非词汇语法班的学生也可参加(包括非朗阁的学生)。本栏目可脱离讲义,单独阅读。

《互动语法》是次教学方法尝试。它的成功与否有待于屏幕前各位同学的检验。敬请陆续关注本栏目。

 

第十一讲 虚拟语气(一)

上一节课我们学习了真实条件句。真实条件句表示说话人对主句中的动作发生的可能性较大。而当可能性比较小的时候,就要借助虚拟语气了。虚拟语气用于表达祝愿、希望、怀疑等态度,主要用于非真实条件从句。

 

 

一、虚拟语气的基本句型

虚拟时间

if 从句谓语

主句谓语形式

与现在事实相反

did/ were

would (should, could, might) do

与过去事实相反

had done/ had been

would (should, could, might) have done/ been

与将来事实相反

did/ were to/ should + do

would (should, could, might) do

 

讲义上 1 , 2 , 3 分别是对上面现在、过去和将来的例句。我们再来看一下几个补充例句:

1. 与现在事实相反

1)      If he were sick, he could stay at home today.

2)      If you ate more and talked less, we would both enjoy our dinner.

 

2 .与过去事实相反

1)        If you had studied earlier, they would have passed the IELTS.

2)        Helen would have graduated with her class if she had been able to meet all the requirements in time.

 

3 .与将来事实相反

1)        If it snowed tomorrow, I would go skiing.

2)        If it should rain tomorrow, I wouldn’t go sightseeing.

3)        If youwere to see your tutor, what would you tell her?

 

4 .混合虚拟语气

1)        If I were you, I wouldn’t have told that to her. (从句现在,主句过去)

2)        Had I taken my umbrella with me in the morning, I should not be wet now. ( 从句过去,主句现在 )

 

高级句型 :可以把条件句中的 if 省略掉,同时把 should, were, had 等助动词提前,构成倒装句。讲义第 4 点有 3 个例句。我们再来看一下其它的几个:

1)      (现在) If there were no air, there would be no life around the earth. à Were there no air, there would be no life around the earth.

2)      (过去) If she had been older, she might have understood this question. à Had he been older, she might have understood this question.

3)      (将来) If this were to happen again, they would be punished. à Were this to happen again, they would be punished.

4)      (将来+现在) If you should have any questions, feel free to call me. à Should you have any questions, feel free to call me.

 

二、名词性从句中的虚拟语气

1. 表示要求、命令、想法、建议的动词之后的宾语从句中需要用虚拟语气。结构为 should+ 动词原形, should 可以省略。这些动词主要有:


 

advise 建议

agree 同意

argue 主张

ask 要求

arrange 安排

beg 恳求

command 命令

decree 裁决

demand 要求

desire 要求

determine 决意

direct 命令

insist 坚持

intend 打算

maintain 主张

order 命令

plead 请求

pray 恳求

prefer 提出要求

propose 提议

recommend 建议

resolve 决意

request 请求

rule 裁决

stipulate 规定

suggest 建议

urge 敦促

 

 

 


 

这些词在讲义上第二节的第 1 点上有。再补充几个例句:

1)      He proposes that the government (should) take measures to combat the widespread poverty.

2)      The doctor suggested that I (should) take this medicine three times a day.

3)      He advised that we (should) take a course for the IELTS test.

 

2. 表示要求、命令、想法、建议等动词的同源名词,其后的表语从句和同位语从句也要用虚拟语气。结构仍然是 (should)+ 动词原形。这类名词有:


advice 建议

pray 请求

demand 要求

requirement 要求

propose 要求

proposal 建议

decision 决定

recommendation 建议

necessity 必要性

desire 要求

resolution 决定

motion 提议

command 要求

preference 提出要求

suggestion 建议

这些词在讲义上第二节的第 2 点上有。再补充几个例句:

1)      He declined my request that he (should) lecture on changing English.

2)      The decision was that we (should) get everything ready by the end of the week.

3)      The resolution that women (should) be allowed to join the society was carried.

 

三、其它句型中的虚拟语气

1. wish

a. 表示现在或将来未能实现的愿望:从句谓语用 were 或 would/ could/ might + 动词原形

b. 表示过去未能实现的愿望,从句谓语用 had+ 过去分词 或 would/ could have+ 过去分词

1) (将来) She is homesick now; she wishes that she could fly home and stayed with her family.

2) (过去) We wish that they had taken part in IELTS test last year.

 

2. lest, for fear that, in case

1) He hurried on lest she (should) meet him again.

2) He is working hard for fear that he should/ might / may fail.

3) The teacher explained again and again in case he (should) not understand her.

 

3. It’s (about/high) time that… 后加一般过去时表示将来。

e.g. It’s high time that we had a meeting.

 

 

好了,现在已经是半夜 12 点半了,今天就先讲到这里吧,还有一下几个点明天再讲。

 

4. would rather, would sooner, would just as soon, would prefer

5. as if/ as though

6. insist

 

本节课互动作业:请把下列句子翻译成英文,并及时回复在本帖内。我将对参加提交的作业进行点评。

1.       如果我现在有钱,我就会去加拿大。

2.       昨天如果他的班主任叫他去的话,他就会了解这次借贷的情况。

3.       如果明天天晴的话,我就去冲浪。

4.       他呼吁他们取消限制条件。

5.       我请求他做关于英语发展变化的讲座,他拒绝了我的请求。

6.       该对市区的交通问题采取一些措施了。

7.       妈妈怕我感冒,要我穿上毛衣。

8.       如果他去年学开车的话,现在应该拿到驾照了。

9.       要是我现在能回家该多好啊! (用if only,下节课讲)

 

posted on 2008-07-03 00:43 Leon 阅读(386) 评论(29)  编辑  收藏 所属分类: 互动语法 网摘收藏
发表评论
  回复  引用    
2008-07-03 00:48 | Rex
面包会有的,沙发也会有的~
  回复  引用    
2008-07-03 01:06 | yangtao
@Rex

哈哈,晚来一步,rex这么晚还在闲逛哦,小朋友要早点睡觉哦。
  回复  引用    
2008-07-03 01:08 | Rex
@yangtao
大家都是好学生啊~
  回复  引用    
2008-07-03 01:13 | yangtao
@Rex

回复那么快呀,呵呵,我在看这个互动栏目哦,小朋友要写作业哦,别忘哦
  回复  引用    
2008-07-03 01:19 | Rex
@yangtao

我不是小朋友了。。。。。。
我正在写呢
你呢?
  回复  引用    
2008-07-03 06:19 | Andrew(Andy)
今天的雨好恐怖。先贴3句,要上班去了,回来补全。
我的语法,拿什么来拯救你。
If I had a choice, I would prefer stay at home than go to work.
废话少说,作业,作业
1. 如果我现在有钱,我就会去加拿大。
If I were rich, I would go to Canada.
2.昨天如果他的班主任叫他去的话,他就会了解这次借贷的情况。
If he had been asked to go by his head teacher yesterday, he could have understanded the situation of the loan.
3.如果明天天晴的话,我就去冲浪。
Were it be fine tomorrow, I would go surfing.

  回复  引用    
2008-07-03 11:29 | 你好
@Rex
昨天我又看见你了,好帅啊~
还是那双球鞋,真靓~
  回复  引用    
2008-07-03 13:52 | yangtao
1.If I had money, I would go to Canada.
2.If his tutor had called him yesterday, he would have understood the situation of this loan.
3.If it were fine tomorrow, I would go surfing.
4.He appealed that they should cancel the limited conditions.
5.I prayed that he would lecture on the revolution of English, he refused my request.
6.It's high time that some measures on urban traffic were conducted.
7.My mother asked me to wear on the sweater for fear that I would catch a cold.
8.Had he learned to drive last year, he should have got the license of driving.
9.It's so fine if only I could go home right now.

  回复  引用    
2008-07-03 19:52 | Rex
1 If I had enough money now, I would go to Canada.

2 If his tutor had asked for him yesterday,he would have known about this loan.

3 If it were sunshine tomorrow, I would go surfing.

4 He advises that they (should) cancel the limitd qualification.

5 I requested that he (should) make a speech about the revolution of English language, but he refused my suggestion.

6 It's high time that some measure on the urban traffic issues were conducted.

7 My mother asked me to wear the sweater for fear that I might catch a cold.

8 Had he learned the drive last year, he should have got the driving licence.

9 If only I went home now.
  回复  引用    
2008-07-03 19:53 | Rex
@你好
额。。。。。下次让我看看你吧。。。。。。

呵呵
  回复  引用    
2008-07-03 19:53 | Rex
@yangtao
你速度真快啊
哈哈
  回复  引用    
2008-07-03 21:49 | yangtao
@Rex

呵呵,你写了一个晚上还没做好?你的MSN是多少呀,
我对自己翻译的也没什么信心,以后可以相互学习哦。。。

  回复  引用    
2008-07-03 22:12 | Andrew(Andy)
Q:If there is no air, there would be no life.
感觉这是真理,所以主句应该用一般现在时动词。
If there is no air, there is no life.
参照Where there's a will, there is a way.
晕,早上居然拿写出了understanded,真是汗颜!

作业:

1. 如果我现在有钱,我就会去加拿大。
If I were rich, I would go to Canada.
2.昨天如果他的班主任叫他去的话,他就会了解这次借贷的情况。
If his head teacher had asked him to go yesterday, he could have understood the situation of the loan.
3.如果明天天晴的话,我就去冲浪。
Were it be fine tomorrow, I would go surfing.
4. 他呼吁他们取消限制条件。
He appealed that they should cancel the restrictive condition.
5. 我请求他做关于英语发展变化的讲座,他拒绝了我的请求。
If I hadn’t asked him to make a lecture about developments and changes of English, he would not have refused my request.
6.该对市区的交通问题采取一些措施了。
It is high time that there should be some measures to deal with the traffic problems in the centre urban.
7. 妈妈怕我感冒,要我穿上毛衣。
My mother asked me to put on sweater in case that I would catch a cold.(in case of catching a cold?)
8. 如果他去年学开车的话,现在应该拿到驾照了。
If he had learned (the skill of) driving last year, he would have obtained a license of driving.
9.要是我现在能回家该多好啊!
If only I had been at home now!

  回复  引用    
2008-07-04 22:01 | Rex
@yangtao
我MSN:bravo.rex@hotmail.com

我也没什么信心,曾经翻了一句句子,修改了N次,被人BS无数次。。。。。

大家一起加油!呵呵
  回复  引用    
2008-07-04 23:33 | 路人A
老师,今天实在太巧了~~~

  回复  引用    
2008-07-05 00:02 | Leon
@yangtao
@Andrew(Andy)
@Rex
谢谢你们的积极参与,你们的答案将在本周日前被集中批改。
其它想参与的同学请在周日之前递交答案。
  回复  引用    
2008-07-05 00:03 | Leon
@Rex
只有多修改才能发现语法问题!人要在错误中进步。
  回复  引用    
2008-07-05 00:03 | Leon
@路人A
巧什么啊?
  回复  引用    
2008-07-07 21:06 | Andrew(Andy)
@leon

老师啊,批改呢?Right here waiting.

  回复  引用    
2008-07-13 22:10 | Rex
是不是老师把这个忘记啦?
  回复  引用    
2008-07-14 00:27 | Leon
1. 如果我现在有钱,我就会去加拿大。
Andy: If I were rich, I would go to Canada.
Rex: If I had enough money now, I would go to Canada.
yangtao: If I had money, I would go to Canada.
点评:语法全部正确。三位同学三种不同的翻译风格,但是我不太倾向于had money这个答案,因为中文的“有钱”并不等于英语中的have money,要是那样的话,我们人人都有钱!Andy和Rex的处理都不错。

2. 昨天如果他的班主任叫他去的话,他就会了解这次借贷的情况。
Andy: If his head teacher had asked him to go yesterday, he could have understood the situation of the loan.
Rex: If his tutor had asked for him yesterday,he would have known about this loan.
Yangtao: If his tutor had called him yesterday, he would have understood the situation of this loan.
点评:语法全部正确。但是called him跟原文的出入太大了。

3. 如果明天天晴的话,我就去冲浪。
Andy: Were it to be fine tomorrow, I would go surfing.
Rex: If it were sunshine tomorrow, I would go surfing.
Yangtao: If it were fine tomorrow, I would go surfing.
点评:对将来的虚拟,从句用did/ were to/ should + do 。 Andy的答案漏了一个to。后面两位同学都犯了同样的错误,were是对现在的虚拟。此句可改为If it were to be fine/sunny或If it (should) be fine/ sunny. Rex要注意Sunshine是名词。

4. 他呼吁他们取消限制条件。
Andy: He appealed that they should cancel the restrictive condition.
Rex: He advises that they (should) cancel the limitd qualification.
Yangtao: He appealed that they should cancel the limited conditions.
点评:虚拟语气都用对了。但是“呼吁”这个词没人用对。应该是urge. “限制条件”用一个词restriction就可以了嘛。这里用被动语态会更间接。参考译文:He urges (that) the restrictions (should) be lifted.

  回复  引用    
2008-07-14 00:44 | Leon
5. 我请求他做关于英语发展变化的讲座,他拒绝了我的请求。
Andy: If I hadn’t asked him to make a lecture about developments and changes of English, he would not have refused my request.
Rex: I requested that he (should) make a speech about the revolution of English language, but he refused my suggestion.
Yangtao: I prayed that he would lecture on the revolution of English, he refused my request.]
点评:Andy的答案貌似有点诡异哦,大概是上面的句型做出惯性来了,^_^
Rex的答案基本正确,但是revolution用来表示变化,用词太大了。另外,注意“英语”的说法!English或者the English language,不要用错了!yangtao用pray这个“祈祷”的词来表示“请求”,太夸张了吧!
遗憾的是,三位的同学的拒绝都用了refuse,这个词在英语中表示非常直接的拒绝,一般客气点的婉拒用decline。这个词的用法请参加我博客音乐盒内“Seven Days”的第0:47分的歌词。Did she decline? No.
参考答案:I requested that he (should) make a speech about the changes of English, but he declined.
简洁版:He declined my request that he (should) lecture on changing English.

6.该对市区的交通问题采取一些措施了。
Andy: It is high time that there should be some measures to deal with the traffic problems in the centre urban.
Rex: It's high time that some measure on the urban traffic issues were conducted.
Yangtao: It's high time that some measures on urban traffic were conducted.
点评:Andy明显不熟悉这个句型的用法。It is (high) time后面如果加从句,从句中的时态必须用一般过去时。另外,“市区”可不是什么centre urban,用downtown或者是urban area就可以了。Rex要注意采取措施一般用take some measures, measure通常用复数。而且一般不和conduct搭配。
参考答案:It is time (that) something was done about the traffic problem downtown.

7. 妈妈怕我感冒,要我穿上毛衣。
Andy: My mother asked me to put on sweater in case that I would catch a cold.(in case of catching a cold?
Rex: My mother asked me to wear the sweater for fear that I might catch a cold.
Yangtao: My mother asked me to wear on the sweater for fear that I would catch a cold.
点评:Andy注意可数名词不能裸用,sweater前要加冠词或物主代词。括号里的说法是错误的,因为这样就表示妈妈怕她自己感冒,要我穿上毛衣。
参考答案:Mother told me to put on my sweater lest / in case I should/ could/ might catch a cold.
  回复  引用    
2008-07-14 00:58 | Leon
--引用--------------------------------------------------
Andrew(Andy): Q:If there is no air, there would be no life.
感觉这是真理,所以主句应该用一般现在时动词。
If there is no air, there is no life.
参照Where there's a will, there is a way.

Andy啊,你这个推理也太强了,真理的东西只有在宾语从句里面用到,如果从句是真理,主句即使是过去时,从句仍然保持过去时
虚拟语气可没有这样的用法啊!
况且,“没有空气”这怎么是真理?
Where there's a will, there is a way这个相当于一个真实条件句。
  回复  引用    
2008-07-14 00:59 | Leon
还有两句明天再改。实在撑不住了。明天早上9点的课。各位明天见。
  回复  引用    
2008-07-14 18:32 | Andrew(Andy)
@Leon
去老师的语法班恶补语法。新开班是什么时候?

我总喜欢把句子写复杂,写长,比较一下上面的句子和各位同学比较都是偏向长的。

查了我喜欢的大学,NSWU的UEEC,UTS的INSEARCH的Level 9,10语言课程网上的大家反响,最后十周的课程绝对有用,是以后课程要用到的技能。但是都有30%Fail率,貌似学校有靠此赚钱的嫌疑。也就是说不像中介所说的读完了语言课程就可以上课硕士的课程,这完全是胡说八道。Fail了就要再浪费半年。

所以,在国内雅思考到均分6.5(单科不低于6.0)才是王道!!!
  回复  引用    
2008-07-14 18:37 | Andrew(Andy)
@Leon
今天去朗阁交奖学金申请,没有遇到老师。因为没有听到你的很有激情的声音。奖学金要8/14号才能拿到,收了我的学员证,身份证的复印件,成绩单的复印件,什么凭据都没有给我,貌似有8正宗的嫌疑。赖掉了就搞笑了。100/500的税,比哪里都黑了。
  回复  引用    
2008-07-14 19:40 | Leon
@Andrew(Andy)
呵呵,我在20楼哦, 所以你没有听到我的声音
8可能骗你的,可能财务正好不在的吧
100的税是正好20%的个人所得税
不过应该承诺是税后,那就更好了
  回复  引用    
2008-07-14 19:42 | Leon
@Andrew(Andy)
新的一轮刚刚开始,7月4开始上,8月9日下一轮。
理论上是随时可以插班的,因为这个班是滚动开班的。
具体要到前台问问有没有名额了,因为现在已经有40几个人了。
  回复  引用    
2008-07-14 19:44 | Leon
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Andrew(Andy):
查了我喜欢的大学,NSWU的UEEC,UTS的INSEARCH的Level 9,10语言课程网上的大家反响,最后十周的课程绝对有用,是以后课程要用到的技能。但是都有30%Fail率,貌似学校有靠此赚钱的嫌疑。也就是说不像中介所说的读完了语言课程就可以上课硕士的课程,这完全是胡说八道。Fail了就要再浪费半年。

所以,在国内雅思考到均分6.5(单科不低于6.0)才是王道!!!
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相信你不属于那30%,当然更希望根本不用参加这个课程。

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