Leon
互动语法系列
第一课 名词
学习名词，我们通过这篇“诺亚方舟”的故事来展开――
Noah’s Ark
1.
名词的分类
This is a story from the Bible. But it is not about Adam or Eve or the Garden of Eden. It is about Noah and his ark.
By the time Adam died, there were many people on our planet. War and other crimes had spread throughout the world. Finally, God decided to bring a great flood of water upon the earth to cover all the land.
|
讲解（红色部分为文中的例词）
|
|
专有名词
|
the Bible
（书名）
, Adam, Eve, Noah
（人名）
,the Garden of Eden
（专有地点）
|
不可数
|
|
普通名词
|
物质名词
|
液体：
water
, beer, blood, coffee, cream, gasoline, honey, juice, milk, oil, tea, wine
固体：
bread, butter, cheese, ice, ice-cream, meat, beef, chicken, fish; chalk, copper, cotton, glass, gold, iron, paper
气体：
air, fog, oxygen smoke
|
|
抽象名词
|
war
, advice, anger, beauty, confidence, fun, happiness, health, honesty, information, love, luck, peace
|
|
个体名词
|
planet
, book, door, plane, bag, room, teacher, student
|
可数
|
|
集体名词
|
people
, group, team, furniture, fruit, jewellery, luggage
|
2.
名词复数构成的规则变化
Fields
and cities were buried. Glasses, dishes, matches, boxes, tomatoes and many other things in the houses were now rolling in the flood. Bamboos and tobaccos were shooting across the water like flying fish. Wolves would rather risk their lives for a bare log without any leaves than for sheep on the roofs.
|
讲解（红色部分为文中的例词）
|
|
类别
|
构成方法
|
读音
|
例词
|
|
绝大多数名词
|
在词尾加
-s
|
-s
在轻辅音后读
/s/
|
fruit – fruits
map - maps
|
|
-s
在浊辅音和元音后读
/z/
|
field – fields
car – cars
|
|
-s
在辅音
/s/, /z/, /
ʤ
/
后
|
face - faces
size - sizes
page - pages
|
|
以
-s, -x, -ch, -sh, -tch
结尾的名词
|
加
-es
|
-es
读
/iz/
|
glass - glasses
dish – dishes
match - matches
box - boxes
|
|
以辅音字母
+y
结尾的词
|
变
y
为
i
，再加
-es
|
-ies
读
/iz/
|
city – cities
fly - flies
country - countries
family - families
|
|
以
-f, -fe
结尾的名词
|
变
f, fe
为
v,
再加
-es
|
-ves
读
/vz/
|
wolf – wolves
leaf – leaves
life – lives
wife - wives
|
|
部分以
-f
或
-fe
结尾的名词
|
加
-s
|
-s
读
/s/
|
roof – roofs
belief-beliefs
chief – chiefs
proof – proofs
cliff – cliffs
|
|
以
-o
结尾的名词
|
加
-s
|
-s
读
/z/
|
bamboo – bamboos
tobacco – tobaccos
auto – autos
kilo – kilos
photo – photos
piano – pianos
radio – radios
studio – studios
|
|
加
-es
|
-es
读
/z/
|
tomato – tomatoes
echo – echoes
hero – heroes
potato – potatoes
|
|
加
-s
或
-es
|
-s
或
-es
读
/z/
|
cargo – cargo(e)s
mosquito – mosquito(e)s
tornado – tornado(e)s
volcano – volcano(e)s
|
3.
名词复数的不规则变化
The fish were now swimming in the places where sheep, deer, oxen, mice or even children once enjoyed themselves. The men, armed to the teeth, could not find their feet and were shouting like geese and the women tried to balance on logs.
The story of the great flood on the earth may be true. Russians, Germans, Japanese and Chinese have the same story in their history books, as do the English, French and Dutch.
|
讲解（红色部分为文中的例词）
|
|
|
类别
|
例词
|
类别
|
例词
|
|
|
古英语
|
变元音
|
child – children
ox – oxen
man – men
woman - women
foot – feet
goose – geese
tooth –teeth
louse – lice
mouse – mice
|
拉丁语
希腊语
|
analysis - analyses
basis - bases
crisis - crises
hypothesis - hypotheses
oasis - oases
thesis - theses
|
|
|
criterion - criteria
phenomenon - phenomena
|
|
|
bacterium - bacteria
medium - media
curriculum - curricula
datum - data
|
|
|
单复数同形
|
fish – fish
sheep – sheep
deer – deer
|
|
|
表示国家的人
|
以
/z/
结尾
|
Chinese – Chinese
Japanese – Japanese
|
formula - formulae
|
|
|
stimulus – stimuli
syllabus – sylabi
|
|
|
其它
（属规则变化）
|
Russian – Russians
German – Germans
|
|
|
语言（不可数）
|
English, French, Dutch
|
|
4.
合成名词的复数构成
In time, everyone in the whole world was drowned except a few lookers-on in an ark. They are Noah, his wife, his sons and his daughters-in-law. They were all lucky grown-ups. They were going to take their menservants and women nurses onto the ark as well, but their plans were in vain. The ark was only big enough for one family.
|
讲解（红色部分为文中的例词）
|
|
类别
|
例词
|
类别
|
例词
|
|
改变主体部分
|
daughter-in-law – daughters-in-law
looker-on – lookers-on
passer-by – passers-by
editor-in-chief – editors-in-chief
|
分不清主体的，直接在末尾加
s
|
grown-up – grown-ups
film-goer – film-goers
go-between – go betweens
good-for-nothing –good-for-nothings
|
|
两个成分都要变
|
manservant – menservants
woman nurse– women nurses
|
5.
表示数量的含有
of
的单复数名词短语（本处暂无讲解）
In the sight of God, Noah and always been trying to do right. So God had told him what to do before the flood came. “You are to build a large ark. You are to take a pair of each kind of animal. And your sons and daughters are to take several pairs of birds. If the ark is large enough, you can also take a set of furniture with you.
6.
连字符与名词的单复数形式（本处暂无讲解）
Then, a three-story-high ship was built in a place where there was no sea nearby.
7.
名词属格的两种基本形式
“Noah’s work is a product of his crazy imagination,” his neighbours laughed at him. “Look, the windows of the ship are so small while the ship itself is high.”
|
讲解（红色部分为文中的例词）：名词属格的意义
|
|
主谓关系
|
the government’s decision, the arrival of our foreign guests
|
|
动宾关系
|
children’s education , the declaration of independence
|
|
事物来源
|
my aunt’s letter, the wines of France, the general’s order
|
|
事物类别
|
a doctor’s degree, the degree of a doctor
|
|
同位关系
|
the city of Beijing, the pleasure of meeting you
|
8. “’s”
属格的一般用法
“For goodness’ sake, please don’t laugh at the great work of art,” said one of them with a cruel smile, “though it looks like Mr. Adam’s stupid castle. There is always something new in the artists’ circle, just as there is always something new in the children’s sandbox.”
“Exactly so!” said another. “In fact, I believe that Noah would make a perfect commander-in-chief for our children. And the commander-in-chief’s picture really should be printed on the flag of this warship.”
“A wonderful idea! I have a flag at my uncle’s. I’ll go to Noah’s and take him to the barber’s. He really needs to have his hair cut before he has his picture taken.”
“Let’s go! We neighbours should do something for Noah and his wife’s wonderland.
”
9. “’s”
所有格后的省略
“My opinion is the same as this gentleman’s.”
10. “’s”
所有格的特殊用法
“Let’s keep our little gift a secret from Noah until we are ready to present it. Then we’ll have a piece of shocking news to share with him in two day’s time…”
|
讲解（红色部分为文中的例词）
|
|
有生命
|
the customer’s complaint, the students’ books, men’s garments, sheep’s milk, a tiger’s tail
|
|
无生命
|
国家、城市、组织
|
the Government’s policies, the Authority’s support, the leader’s measures
|
|
时间、重量、价格、距离、长度
|
today’s globalisation, five minutes’ break, two day’s time, ten kilos’ weight, fifty dollars’ worth of pottery
|
|
科技、文化、艺术
|
literature’s contribution to mankind, Beijing Opera’s artistic appeal, the magazine’s cover, media’s receivers
|
|
天体、拟人
|
the earth’s gravity, fortune’s smile/ cruelty
|
注：
1.
复数名词的格
:
在最后一个词后加
’s
。
1)
His son-in-law’s car was stolen last summer.
2)
It was a fabulous party at Bob and Linda’s home.
2.
词组的格的构成是在最后一个词后加
’s
。
1) Have you received anyone else’s letter?
3.
并列词组的格，不同的构成表示不同含义。
1)
Beijing
and Shanghai’s housing problem
2)
They try to find what difference between Daborah’s and Ellen’s camcoder is.
4.
名词作定语起修饰作用时，如不表示所属关系，通常不用
’s
属格。
1) She said that both of her daughters are married.
2) I am studying French in a famous foreign languages institute in Beijing.
11.
名词作定语
“When Noah returns from the harvest festival.”