Xiao jin, one of my middle school classmates, is now studying in a college in Fuzhou. She is one of my best friends. She is a good-looking girl who has two big eyes. Her mouth is also very small. She is a considerate and warm-hearted girl who always reminds me to put on clothes when it gets cold. Moreover, she is a good listener and she is good at comforting people.

nothing short of brilliance=full of brilliance. 很棒，很好

anthropology

go through a lot of money 花钱很多，spend money like water 花钱如流水

be/go in one ear and out the othre. 左耳朵进，有耳朵出；当做耳旁风

might as well do 最好还是。。。

hit the ceiling 暴跳如雷

prerequisite

calling about the new subsidized low-cost housing for graduate students= get information about special housing.

be eligible for ... 
 
diner 吃鱼的食客

cucumbers

be exposed to poisonous substances in the water.

the marine biologist.

exactly the same size and quality=exactly as big and nice

jewellery shop 珠宝商店

pearl

elevation

satellites

longitude

handheld

peak

Global Positioning System  全球定位系统

carry information=sending out information 发送信号

profession

prosperous

comedians 

competitive 

Sometimes their enthusiasm gets so hysterical that they do anything to get a souvenir.

handkerchiefs

tear off 

show business 表演行业

brown dwarf 褐矮星

surveyor

the ticket counter 售票台

the grand auditorium

the new student orientation

bakery

baker

a fat salary 报酬很丰厚

overcoat

receipt

the sleeve fell off 袖子掉了

collar is coming off , 领子也快掉了

the brakes and tyres

the paper has disappeared without any trace.

start off

post 职位

a little short on cash right now= didn't have enough money at present 现在没有多少现金

count me in 算我一个

 

technological complexity

government revenues

the grape wine

a burglary

furnace 炉子，熔炉

shuttle

nightmare

hymnasium

carpenter

grocer

panic

apologetic

meteorological

sociological

geological

drift wood

canyon

auto maintenance

rally

picnic

petition

 

Western- food/styled dish/cuisine
欧美人非常重视早餐，他们认为早餐若吃得舒服，即表示今天一天会有愉快、满意的时光。有些人甚至利用早餐时间，边吃边谈生意。
　　 西式早餐一般可分为两种，一是美式早餐（American Breakfast,英国、美国、加拿大、澳大利亚及新西兰等，以英语为母语的国家都属于此类）; 一是欧式早餐 （Continental Breakfast,德国、法国等即是）。
美式早餐内容相当丰富，包括下列五种：
1. 水果或果汁
　　这是早餐的第一道菜，果汁又分为罐果汁(canned juice)及新鲜果汁(fresh juice)两种。另有一种将干果加水，用小火煮至汤汁蒸发殆尽，水果丰软为止，以餐盘端上桌，用汤匙边刮边舀着吃。
常见的果汁如下：
新鲜果汁
Grapefruit Juice 葡萄柚汁
Tomato Juice 蕃茄汁
Orange Juice 柳橙汁
Pineapple Juice 凤梨汁　
Grape Juice 葡萄汁
Apple Juice 苹果汁
Guava Juice 蕃石榴汁
Papaya Juice 木瓜汁
V-8 Juice 罐头综合菜汁
Fresh Garrot Juice 新鲜胡萝卜汁
Mixed Vegetable Juice 什锦蔬菜汁
罐头果汁
Peaches in Syrup 蜜汁桃子
Apricots in Syrup 蜜汁杏子
Figs in Syrup 蜜汁无花果
Pears in Syrup 蜜汁梨子
Loquats in Syrup 蜜汁枇杷
Chilled Fruit cup 什锦果盅
炖水果干
Stewed Figs 炖无花果
Stewed Prunes 炖李子
Stewed Peaches 炖桃干
Stewed Apricots 炖杏干
2. 谷类 Cereals
　　玉米、燕麦等制成的谷类食品，如corn flakes (玉米片), rice crispies (脆爆米), rye crispies (脆麦), puff rice (炮芙), wheaties (小麦干), cheerios (保健麦片)乖，通常加砂糖及冰牛奶，有时再加香蕉切片、草莓或葡萄干等。
　　此外尚备有麦片粥(oatmeal)或玉米粥(cornmeal),以供顾客变换口味，吃地加牛奶和糖调味
3. 蛋－早餐的主食
这是早餐的第二道菜，通常为两个蛋，随着烹煮方法之不同，可以分为：
fried eggs 煎蛋（只煎一面的荷包蛋称为sunny-side up,两面煎半熟叫over easy,两面全熟的叫over hard或over well-done）。
boiled eggs壳水煮蛋(煮三分钟熟的叫soft boiled,煮五分钟熟的叫hard boiled)。
Poached eggs去壳水煮蛋(将蛋去壳，滑进锅内特制的铁环中，在将沸的水中或水面上煮至所要求的熟度。)
scrambled eggs 炒蛋
omelet 蛋卷(也可以拼成omelette)
煎蛋、煮蛋、炒蛋等由客人选择火腿(ham)、腌肉(bacon)、腊肠(sausage)作为配料，以盐、胡椒(pepper)调味。bacon有人要脆的，即crisp。蛋卷则有下列各种形式：
Plain Omelet 普通蛋卷
Ham Omelet 火腿蛋卷
Ham & Cheese Omelet 火腿乳酪蛋卷
Spanish Omelet 西班牙式蛋卷
Souffled Omelet with Strawberries 草莓蛋卷
Jelly Omelet 果酱蛋卷
Cheese Omelet 乳酪蛋卷
Mushroom Omelet 香菇蛋卷
蛋卷通常用盐与辣酱(tabasco)调味，而不用胡椒，因为胡会使蛋卷硬化，也会留下黑斑。
4. 吐司和面包
　　吐司通常烤成焦黄状，要注意toast with butter和buttered toast的不同。Toast with butter是指端给客人时，吐司和牛油是分开的。Buttered toast是指把牛油涂在吐司上面之后，再端给客人，美国的coffee shop大都提供这种buttered toast。
此外，还有下各种糕饼，以供客人变换口味。注意吃的时候不可用叉子叉，要用手拿，抹上牛油、草莓酱(strawberry jam)或橘皮(marmalade)，咬着吃。
常见的有：
Corn Bread 玉米面包
Plain Muffin 松饼（须趁热吃，从中间横切开，涂上牛油、果酱、蜂蜜或糖汁）
Corn Muffin 玉米松饼
English Muffin 英国松饼
Biscuit 饼干
Croissant 牛角面包（英国人则称为crescent roll）
Waffles压花蛋饼（可涂上牛油或枫树蜜汁，用一只叉子连切带叉即可）
Glazed Doughnut糖衣没煎圈饼（吃油煎圈饼要用手拿着咬）
Chocolate Doughnut巧克力油煎圈饼
Jelly Doughnut果酱油煎圈饼
Plain Doughnut素油煎圈饼
Powdered Sugar Doughnut糖粉油煎圈饼
Buckwheat Pancakes荞麦煎饼（通常有三片或四片，吃时将牛油放在热煎饼上使其溶化，然后将枫树蜜汁涂在上面，用叉子边割边叉着吃）
Hot Cakes with Maple Syrup枫树蜜汁煎饼
French Toast法式煎蛋衣面包片（这是将吐司沾上蛋和牛奶调成的汁液，在平底锅中煎成两面发黄的吐司，吃时可涂果酱或盐及胡椒粉）
Cinnamon Rolls肉桂卷
Miniature Danish Rolls丹麦小花卷
Hot Danish Rolls牛油热烘丹麦花卷
5. 饮料Beverages
　　指咖啡或茶等不含酒精的饮料。所谓white coffee是指加奶精(cream)的咖啡，也就是法语中的café au lait，较不伤胃。不加奶精的咖啡就称为black coffee。
　　在国外，tea（茶）一般是指红茶而言。如果要绿茶则须指明green tea。早餐的咖啡和红茶都是无限制供应。
　　欧陆式早餐比美式早餐简单，内容大致相同，但不供应蛋类，客人想点叫蛋类食品时，得另外付费。

American Breakfast
美国式早餐
Orange Juice
柳橙汁
Porridge
麦片
Corn Flakes Shredded Wheat
玉米片 麦丝卷
Choice of
随意选择
Poached Eggs
去壳水煮
Scrambled Eggs Bacon & Eggs
炒蛋 腌肉蛋
Ham Omelette
火腿蛋卷
Toast & Butter
烤吐司
Marmalade Strawberry Jam
橘皮酱 草莓
Tea Coffee
茶 咖啡
Continental Breakfast
欧陆式早餐
Fruit Juice
果汁
Tea coffee Cocoa
茶 咖啡 可可
Croissants
牛角面包
Brioches
奶油蛋卷
Marmalade
橘皮酱
Confiture

Lesson 2:Lunch and Supper
(第二课：午餐和晚餐)
午餐和晚餐的菜单相差不多。但是由于午外食用时间较为短暂，因而产生了各种商业午餐、快餐，既省时又方便。晚餐则是正餐时间，可以慢慢地品尝各种美食，通常比较正式，也比较讲究，因此男士要穿西装、打领带，女士不可穿长裤或短裤，必定要穿洋装。
　　无论是午餐还是晚餐，菜单(menu)上都分为两种，一是table d'hote称为套餐、客饭或定餐，一是à la carte称为点菜式，依菜单零点菜肴。
　　定餐(table d'hote)是由固定的几种菜肴所组成的，分A餐、B餐、商业快餐等，除了主菜肉类可随客人点叫外，汤、生菜沙拉、面包、甜点、饮料等，并没有选择的余地，但价格却很大众化。
午餐和晚餐通常包括下列五项：
1. 开胃菜Appetizer
　　正餐前所上之开胃食品，用以促进食欲，有些还附有canape（涂上乳酪或鱼子酱的薄吐司）。
常见的开胃菜有：
Shrimp Cocktail鲜虾开胃品（用杯子盛放）
Oyster Cocktail鲜蚝开胃品
Crab Meat Cocktail蟹肉开胃品
Chilled Fruit Cup什锦冰水果
Chilled Vegetable Juice冰镇蔬菜汁
Assorted Relishes什锦开胃
Smoked Oyster烟熏鲜蚝
Smoked Perch烟熏鲈鱼
Smoked Salmon Rolls烟熏鲑鱼卷
Herring in Sour Cream酸奶油拌鲭鱼
Baby Tomato filled with Crab Meat蟹肉瓤小蕃茄
Strasbourg Pate de Foie Gras下法国鹅肝酱
Russian Black Caviar俄国黑鱼子酱
American Celery美国芹菜心
2. 汤Soup
　　继开胃菜之后端上来的第二道菜即是汤。一般餐厅供应清汤（clear soup）和浓汤（thick soup）两种。喝汤的动作是将汤匙由内向外，慢慢自碗中将汤舀起。
常见的西式羹汤有下列几种：
Beef Vegetable Soup菜丁牛肉清汤
Chicken Mushroom Soup香菇丁浓鸡汤
Chili Beans墨西哥辣豆汤
Green Turtle Soup水鱼清汤
Clam Chowder Soup蛤肉羹（蛤肉加马铃薯、洋葱一起炖）
Green Pea Potage豌豆羹（浓汤）
Chicken Consomme鸡羹（清汤）
Chicken Cream Soup奶油鸡羹汤
French Onion Soup法式洋葱汤
Oxtail Soup 牛尾汤
Chicken Mushroom Soup香菇清鸡汤
Cream of Mushroom Soup奶油香菇汤
Cream of Tomato Soup奶油蕃茄汤
Cream of Corn Soup奶油玉米汤
Russian Borsch罗宋汤
Iced Madrilene冰冻蕃茄芹菜汤
3. 主菜entrée
　　法语叫"entrée"，美语称为"main dish"，通菜都是肉类及海
鲜类。
Veal Sweetbread in Puff Pastry牛仔核酥批
Pork Chop Cutlet, Robert Sauce猪排肉片
Veal Cutlet Vienna维也纳小牛肉片
Breaded Lamb Cutlet羊排肉片
Pheasant in Casserole原盅山鸡
Duck a l'orange鲜橙烩鸭
Beef Goulash匈牙利烩牛肉
Chicken Kiev俄式炸鸭
Escalopes Holsten德式小牛肉
Smoked Pork Chops熏猪排
Beef Stroganoff德式炒牛肉丝
Mixed Grill 什锦铁扒
Chicken à la King皇家鸡饭（加辣椒酱）
Chicken or Shrimp curry 咖哩鸡或鲜虾
Calf Liver with Bacon 牛肝熏肉
4. 甜点Dessert
包括水果、冰淇淋、布丁、乳酪等。外后吃点甜的东西，可以
调节油腻。

Pineapple Fritters凤梨馅油炸饼
Cream Puff奶油泡芙
Blueberry Pie蓝莓派
Cherry Pie樱桃派（馅饼）
Pecan Pie核桃派
Lemon Chiffon Pie 柠檬奶油派
Lemon Custard柠檬软冻
Mint Sherbet薄荷雪碧（果汁肉入入牛奶、蛋白等冰冻而成的食物）
Coffee Ice Cream咖啡冰淇淋
Strawberry Ice Cream草莓冰淇淋
Chocolate Ice Cream巧克力洋淇淋
Vanilla Ice Cream香草冰淇淋
Mago Ice Cream芒果冰淇淋
Mint Ice Cream 薄荷冰淇淋
Crushed Cherry Ice Cream樱桃冰淇淋
Walnut Ice Cream核桃冰淇淋
Chocolate Sundae巧克力圣代
Strawberry Sundae草莓圣代
Banana Split香蕉船（香蕉上放三种冰淇淋圣代）
Vanilla Cream Cake香草蛋糕
Swiss Chocolate Ice Cream瑞士巧克力冰淇淋
Chocolate Malt麦芽巧克力冰淇淋
Rice Pudding白米布丁
Custard Pudding鸡蛋牛奶布丁
5. 饮料Beverages
　　包括咖啡、红茶、可乐、牛奶、果汁、啤酒等。如果是alcoholic beverages或 liquor就是指含酒精成分的饮料，像威士忌、白兰地、琴酒等（酒精成分超过40％的烈酒称为spirits）。
Tea热茶（红茶）
Coffee热咖啡
Hot Chocolate热巧克力
Cocoa热可可
Iced Tea冰红茶
Iced Coffee冰咖啡
Orange Juice柳橙汁
Orangeade橘子水
Lemonade柠檬水
Lemon Squash柠檬果汁
Pepsi (Pepsi Cola)百事可乐
Cherry Coke樱桃可乐
Apple Cider苹果西打 Sarsaparilla沙士汽水
Root Beer麦根汽水
Cream Soda奶油苏打
Grape Soda葡萄苏打
Yoghourt酵母乳
Ginger Ale姜汁汽水
Milk牛奶
Butter Milk酸牛奶
Skim Milk脱脂牛奶
Vanilla Milk Shake香草奶昔
Vanilla Malt香草麦芽啤酒
Chocolate Milk Shake巧克力奶昔

西方的咖啡馆（coffee shop或café）供应冷饮及速简的三餐，有些是二十四小时营业。
　　早上供应大众化的早餐，如腌肉、火腿、蛋、吐司、煎饼、牛奶、咖啡等。中午供应快餐、三明治、热狗、汉堡等，是不带便当（lunch box）的人解决午餐的场所。晚餐供应的牛排、猪排、鱼、虾及鸡肉等，价格比大餐厅低廉许多，但不供应酒类。
　　咖啡店的服务生多为女性（waitress），柜台后面穿白色制服的冷饮服务生则多为男性，称为fountain boy或soda jerk。
　　客人点三明治时，服务生会问，是要用普通的白面包、裸麦面包，还是全麦面包来夹"How do you want your sandwich, sir? On white, rye or whole-wheat bread?"此外还会问客人吐司要不要烤过 "Would you like your sandwich plain or toasted?"
　　如果客人要的是汉堡，服务生会问里面要不要夹酸黄瓜等调味料和洋葱 "Do you want relish and onion on your hamburger?"

 

一、如何用英语点菜

　　在点菜之前，一般先要份菜单：

　　May I have a menu, please?（我可以看菜单吗？）

　　如果对当地的菜肴不熟悉，可以问：

　　What is the specialty of the restaurant?（这家店的招牌餐是什么？）

　　Do you have any special meals today?（今天有什么特餐吗？）

　　二、常见西餐英文菜单

　　1.冷菜（cold dish）

　　火腿沙拉 ham salad 鸡蛋沙拉 egg salad

　　蔬菜沙拉 vegetable salad

　　2.汤（soup）

　　清汤 light soup; clear soup

　　浓汤 thick soup        红菜汤 borsch

　　奶油火腿汤 creamed ham soup

　　3.鱼虾（fish and prawn）

　　俄式煎鱼 fish a la Russia

　　奶油汁烤鱼 baked fish with cream sauce

　　铁扒大虾 grilled prawns

　　4.素菜（vegetable dish）

　　黄油杂拌蔬菜 mixed vegetables with butter

　　清煎土豆饼 fried potato cake

　　咖喱素菜 curry vegetables

　　5.鸡鸭（chicken and duck）

　　烤鸡 roast chicken 炸鸡 deep-fried chicken

　　比利时烩鸡 Belgian stewed chicken

　　6.肉（meat）

　　总会牛排 club steak 法式牛肉扒 French steak

　　烤羔羊腿 roast lamb leg

　　法式猪排 pork chop a la France

　　7.饭后甜食（dessert）

　　蛋奶酥 souffle 巧克力冻 chocolate jelly

松饼 puff pastry 鲜水果沙拉 fresh fruit salad

 

正式的全套餐点上菜顺序是：

①前菜和汤②鱼③水果④肉类⑤乳酪⑥甜点和咖啡⑦水果，还有餐前酒和餐酒。

没有必要全部都点，点太多却吃不完反而失礼。稍有水准的餐厅都欢迎只点前菜的客人。前菜、主菜（鱼或肉择其一）加甜点是最恰当的组合。

点菜并不是由前菜开始点，而是先选一样最想吃的主菜，再配上适合主菜的汤。

一主六配--西餐点菜法

西餐在菜单的安排上与中餐有很大不同。以举办宴会为例，中餐宴会除近10种冷菜外，还要有热菜6－8种，再加上点心甜食和水果，显得十分丰富。而西餐虽然看着有6、7道，似乎很繁琐，但每道一般只有一种，下面我们就将其上菜顺序作一简单介绍，希望对您初到西餐厅点菜时能有所帮助。

1、头盘

西餐的第一道菜是头盘，也称为开胃品。开胃品的内容一般有冷头盘或热头盘之分，常见的品种有鱼子酱、鹅肝酱、熏鲑鱼、鸡尾杯、奶油鸡酥盒、局蜗牛等。因为是要开胃，所以开胃菜一般都具有特色风味，味道以咸和酸为主，而且数量较少，质量较高。

2、汤

与中餐有极大不同的是，西餐的第二道菜就是汤。西餐的汤大致可分为清汤奶油汤、蔬菜汤和冷汤等4类。品种有牛尾清汤、各式奶油汤、海鲜汤、美式蛤蜊周打汤、意式蔬菜汤、俄式罗宋汤、法式局葱头汤。冷汤的品种较少，有德式冷汤、俄式冷汤等。

3、副菜

鱼类菜肴一般作为西餐的第三道菜，也称为副菜。品种包括各种淡、海水鱼类、贝类及软体动物类。通常水产类菜肴与蛋类、面包类、酥盒菜肴品均称为副菜。因为鱼类等菜肴的肉质鲜嫩，比较容易消化，所以放在肉类菜肴的前面，叫法上也和肉类菜肴主菜有区别。西餐吃鱼菜肴讲究使用专用的调味汁，品种有鞑靼汁、荷兰汁、酒店汁、白奶油汁、大主教汁、美国汁和水手鱼汁等。

4、主菜

肉、禽类菜肴是西餐的第四道菜，也称为主菜。肉类菜肴的原料取自牛、羊猪、小牛仔等各个部位的肉，其中最有代表性的是牛肉或牛排。牛排按其部位又可分为沙朗牛排（也称西冷牛排）、菲利牛排、"T"骨型牛排、薄牛排等。其烹调方法常用烤、煎、铁扒等。肉类菜肴配用的调味汁主要有西班牙汁、浓烧汁精、靡菇汁、白尼斯汁等。

食类菜肴的原料取自鸡、鸭、鹅，通常将兔肉和鹿肉等野味也归入禽类菜肴禽类菜肴品种最多的是鸡，有山鸡、火鸡、竹鸡、可煮、可炸、可烤、可焖，主要的调味汁有黄肉汁、咖喱汁、奶油汁等。

5、蔬菜类菜肴

蔬菜类菜肴可以安排在肉类菜肴之后，也可以与肉类菜肴同时上桌，所以可以算为一道菜，或称之为一种配菜。蔬菜类菜肴在西餐中称为沙拉。与主菜同时服务的沙拉，称为生蔬菜沙拉，一般用生菜、西红柿、黄瓜、芦笋等制作。沙拉的主要调味汁有醋油汁、法国汁、干岛汁、奶酪沙拉汁等。

沙拉除了蔬菜之外，还有一类是用鱼、肉、蛋类制作的，这类沙拉一般不加味汁，在进餐顺序上可以做为头盘食用。

还有一些蔬菜是熟食的，如花椰菜、煮菠菜、炸土豆条。熟食的蔬菜通常是与主菜的肉食类菜肴一同摆放在餐盘中上桌，称之为配菜。

6、甜品

西餐的甜品是主菜后食用的，可以算做是第六道菜。从真正意义上讲，它包括所有主菜后的食物，如布丁、煎饼、冰淇淋、奶酪、水果等等。

7、咖啡、茶

西餐的最后一道是上饮料，咖啡或茶。饮咖啡一般要加糖和淡奶油。茶一般要加香桃片和糖。

西餐礼仪
虽然最近在国内也相当盛行吃西餐，但是在内容和形式上，随著各餐厅的经营型态而「纯」、「杂」不等，「繁」、「简」不一，十分值得一谈。

美国的西餐，和欧洲许多国家也颇有不同。如果您到美国旅游，赴家庭宴会或在餐馆吃「正餐」时，请先注意下列一般原则：

男女一起在餐馆用餐，通常由男方负责点菜(order)和付帐(pay the check or bill)。

许多基督教或天主教家庭饭前要由家中一员带领祷告(say a prayer or "blessing")，您即使不信教，也请跟着低头，以示礼貌和尊重。

美国人宴客，是由女主人(或男主人)先拿起餐具进食，客人才跟着动餐具。

如果您不喜欢递过来的菜肴时，只要说"No, thank you."即可。

咀嚼食物，一定要避免出声。

用过的刀、叉，必须放回盘子里，不能放在餐桌巾上。

吃完主菜，把刀和叉平行地斜放在主菜盘(main plate)上，是向主人或侍者表示可以把主菜餐盘拿走了。

席间要轻声谈些轻松愉快的话题，尽量避免一声不响地闷着头吃饭。

下面请看这一段模拟的席间对话：

Hostess: Would you like to have some more chicken ?
Guest: No, thank you. The chicken is very delicious, but I'm just too full.
Host: But I hope you saved room for dessert. Mary makes very good pumpkin pies.
Guest: That sounds very tempting. But I hope we can wait a little while, if you don't mind.
Host: Of course. How about some coffee or tea now ?
Guest: Tea, please. Thanks.

★餐位(Seating arrangement)

餐位的安排大致上如上图。原则上男主宾(Gentleman of honor)坐在女主人(hostess)右边，女主宾(lady of honor )坐在男主人(host)右边，而且多半是男女相间而坐，夫妇不坐在一起，以免各自聊家常话而忽略与其他宾客间的交际。

★餐具摆法

家庭或餐厅宴会时，餐具的种类和数量，因餐会的正式(formal)程度而定。越正式的餐会，刀叉盘碟摆得越多。本文所举的例子，适用于不十分正式的宴会(多数家庭式宴会属于此类)。

叉子(forks)放在主菜盘(main plate)左侧，刀子(knives)、汤匙(spoons)摆在右侧。

刀叉和汤匙依使用的先后顺序排列。最先用的放在离主菜盘最远的外侧，后用的放在离主菜盘近内侧。假如主人决定先上主菜再上沙拉，就要把主菜叉子放在沙拉叉子的外侧。

沙拉盘放在靠主菜盘的左边。美国人通常把主菜和沙拉一起送上桌来，而不像法国人一样，主菜吃完以后才上沙拉。

 

★一般餐具摆设图(午宴、晚宴均适用)

 

butter plate and knife奶油碟子和奶油刀。

dessert spoon甜点匙。

glass饮料杯。

salad plate沙拉盘。

napkin餐巾。

main course fork主菜叉子。

salad fork沙拉叉子。

main plate主菜盘。

main course knife主菜刀子。

soup spoon汤匙。

cup, saucer, and teaspoon茶(咖啡)杯、碟和茶匙。

结语：
记得要入境随俗(While in Rome, do as the Romans do.)对于吃西餐的规矩有疑问时，留意您的男女主人，照着他们的样子做，应该错不了。

 

西餐菜谱的中英对照

色拉：

salad nicoise 尼斯式色拉
gelatin salad 胶状色拉
sunshine salad 胡萝卜色拉
waldorf salad 沃尔多夫色拉
vegetable combination salad 蔬菜大会色拉
mixed salad 什锦色拉
home-made vegetable salad 家常蔬菜色拉
fruit salad 水果色拉
vegetable salad 蔬菜色拉
chicken laesar salad 卤鸡色拉
tossed salad 油拌色拉
肉类如下：
rump steak 牛腿排
T-bone steak T形骨牛排
roast sirloin beef 烤牛外俏
green fillet 青春里脊
fillet steak, country style 乡村里脊扒
beef steak curried 咖喱牛排
plain fried calf ribs 清煎小牛排
fried calf ribs 炸小牛排
roast veal 烤小牛肉
ham steak 火腿扒
sauté pork chop 嫩煎猪排
roast lamb 烤羔羊肉
lamb couscous 羊肉库司
charcoal grilled minced lamb 串烤羊肉饼
roast saddle of mutton 烤羊里脊
grilled mutton chop 铁扒羊排
salami 意大利香肠
bologna sausage 大红肠
game pie 野味排
pastrami 五香烟熏牛肉
ham and sausage 火腿香肠
bear's paw 熊掌
breast of deer 鹿脯
beche-de-mer; sea cucumber 海参
sea sturgeon 海鳝
salted jelly fish 海蜇皮
kelp, seaweed 海带
abalone 鲍鱼
shark fin 鱼翅
scallops 干贝
lobster 龙虾
bird's nest 燕窝
roast suckling pig 考乳猪
pig's knuckle 猪脚
boiled salted duck 盐水鸭
preserved meat 腊肉
barbecued pork 叉烧
sausage 香肠
fried pork flakes 肉松

饭点类：

fried rice 炒饭
plain rice 白饭
crispy rice 锅巴
gruel, soft rice , porridge 粥
noodles with gravy 打卤面
plain noodle 阳春面
casserole 砂锅
chafing dish, fire pot 火锅
meat bun 肉包子
shao-mai 烧麦
glue pudding 汤圆
millet congee 小米粥

其它：

bean curd 豆腐
fermented blank bean 豆豉
pickled cucumbers 酱瓜
preserved egg 皮蛋
salted duck egg 咸鸭蛋
dried turnip 萝卜干

...

色拉 salad
火腿沙拉 ham salad
鸡沙拉 chicken salad
鸡脯沙拉 chicken-breast salad
鸡丝沙拉 shredded chicken salad
鸡蛋沙拉 egg salad
鱼片沙拉 fish salad
虾仁沙拉 shrimp salad
大虾沙拉 prawn salad
蟹肉沙拉 crab salad
素沙拉 vegetable salad
蔬菜沙拉 vegetable salad
鲜蔬菜沙拉 fresh vegetable salad
黄瓜沙拉 cucumber salad
鲜黄瓜沙拉 fresh cucumber salad
红烩鱼片 stewed fish slices with brown sauce
茄汁烩鱼片 stewed fish slices with tomato sauce
鸡蛋鲱鱼泥子 minced herring with eggs
鸡蛋托鲱鱼 herring on eggs
熏鲱鱼 smoked herring
熏鲤鱼 smoked carp
鸡肉泥 minced chicken meat; chicken paste
鸡肝泥 minced chicken liver; chicken liver paste
鸭肝泥 minced duck liver; duck liver paste
酿馅鸡蛋 stuffed eggs
奶酪酿馅鸡蛋 stuffed eggs with cheese
酿馅鸡 stuffed chicken
冷烤油鸡蔬菜 cold roast chicken with vegetables
冷烤火鸡 cold roast turkey
冷烤山鸡 cold roast pheasant
冷烤野鸡 cold roast pheasant
冷烤鸭 cold roas
汤 soup

清汤 light soup; clear soup; consomme
浓汤 thick soup; potage
肉汤 broth
奶油火腿汤 creamed ham soup; ham soup with cream
奶油鸡茸汤 creamed mashed chicken soup; mashed chicken soup with cream
奶油蟹肉汤 creamed crab meat soup; crab meat soup with cream
牛肉扒托蛋 beef steak with egg
鸡蛋牛肉扒 beef steak with egg
葱头牛肉扒 beef steak with onion
蔬菜牛肉扒 beef steak with vegetables
汉堡牛排 Hamburg steak; hamburger
德式牛肉扒 Hamburg steak; hamburger
德式鸡蛋牛肉扒 Hamburg steak with egg

 

 

flight基础词汇  

　　国际班机 International Flight  
　　班机号码 Flight Number  
　　来回机票 Round-Trip Ticket  
　　商务客舱 Business Class  
　　国内班机 Domestic Flight  
　　单程机票 One-Way Ticket  
　　头等舱 First Class  
　　经济舱 Economy Class 
　　盥洗室 Lavatory  
　　使用中 Occupied  
　　无人 Vacant 
　　女空服员 Stewardess  
　　男空服员 Steward  
　　海关申报处 Customs Service Area  
　　货币申报 Currency Declaration  
　　免税商品 Duty-Free Items  

　　需课税商品 Dutiable Goods  
　　观光 Sightseeing  
　　行李 Baggage/Luggage  
　　托运的行李 Checked baggage  
　　行李领取处 Baggage claim area  
　　随身行李 Carry-on baggage  
　　行李牌 Baggage Tag  
　　行李推车Luggage Cart  
　　外币兑换店 Currency Exchange Shop  
　　汇率 Exchange rate  

出示登机证予服务人员) 我的座位在那里? Where is my seat?
我能将手提行李放在这儿吗? Can I put my baggage here ?
是否可替我更换座位? Could you change my seat, please?
我是否可将座位向後倾倒? （向後座的乘客说） May I recline my seat?
我是否可抽烟? May I somke?
需要什麼饮料吗? What kind of drinks do you have?
机上提供那些饮料? What kind of drinks do you have? 本文来自 aaa.com
咖啡、茶、果汁、可乐、啤酒和调酒。 We have coffee, tea, juice, coke, beer and cocktails
晚餐想吃牛肉、鸡肉或是鱼? Which would you like for dinner, beef, chicken or fish?
请给我加水威士忌。 Scotch and water, please.
请给我牛肉。 Beef, please. 爱上网，爱上aaa
我觉得有些冷(热)。 I feel cold(hot). oh ye ye...
请给我一个枕头和毛毯。 May I have a pillow and a blanket, please?
机上有中文报纸或杂志吗? Do you have any Chinese newspapers (magazines)? 本文来自 aaa.com
我觉得有些不舒服，是否可给我一些药? I feel a little sick, Can I have some medicine? www.aaa.com
还有多久到达檀香山? How much longer does it take to get to Honolulu?
这班班机會准时到达吗? Will this flight get there on time?
我担心能否赶上转机班机。 I'm anxious about my connecting flight.
请告诉我如何填写这张表格? Could you tell me how to fill in this form?

 

 

前厅基本常用术语
前厅常用术语介绍
1．前厅岗位专业术语介绍
房务部：Rooms Division
前厅部：Front Office  客房部： Housekeeping
大堂副理：Assistant Manager  宾客关系主任：Guest Relation Officer
前台：Front Desk  接待处：Reception/Check-in 收银处：Cashier/Check-out
领班： Captain  主管：Supervisor  班次负责人：Shift Leader
商务中心：Business Center  客房服务代表：Guest service agent(接待和收银合并之后的前台人员的称呼)简称GSA
电话总机：Switch Board  接线员：Operator
预订处：Room Reservation
礼宾服务处：Concierge 大厅服务处：Bell Service  金钥匙：Golden Key
行政楼层：Executive Floor 行政酒廊：Executive Lounge
行李生：Bellman   迎宾员：Doorman
夜审：End of Day /Night auditor
2．前厅服务项目专业术语介绍
入住：Check-in 退房：Check-out 外币兑换：Foreign Currency Exchange
问询：Information 接送机服务：Pick up service 叫醒服务：Wake up call
请勿打扰服务：DND  Do not disturbed        失物招领：Lost and Found  
国内直拨和国际直拨电话：DDD and IDD
Domestic Direct Dial and International Direct Dial对方付费电话：Collect Call
3．前厅常用物品术语介绍：
住宿登记单：Registration card 欢迎卡：Welcome card 订房凭证：Voucher
交接本：log book 信封： Envelope 房卡钥匙：Room key 安全保管箱：Safe Deposit Box
第二部分：
1．  客房统计和出售率统计的术语
预离房：Expected Departure  预抵房：Expected Arrival
实际抵店： Actual Arrival   实际离店：Actual Departure
续住：Extension            白天用房：Day use            
提前离店：Early Departure   提前入住：Early Check-in
门市客：Walk in            预定未到：No Show
预定取消：Cancellation      在店客人：Stay over
住店客人：In House  
营业日报（daily operations report）：一份报告，一般由夜审制作，它总结24小时内饭店的财务活动，洞察与前厅部相关的收入、应收款、营业统计，以及现金交易。它又被称为经理的报告。
预测（forecasting）：预告活动和业务趋势的过程；房务部门制作的预测通常有可销售房预测和出租率预测；    
出租率：Occupancy Ratios：一种衡量饭店客房销售业绩的尺度；标准的住房比例包括日平均房价，每间可销售房收入，每位客人平均价格，多人居住统计数和出租房百份比；
每日平均房价（average daily rate，average room rate）：用客房净收入除以售出房数量产生的一种出租比例；
每位客人平均房价（average rate per guest）：用客房净收入除以客人人数产生的一个出租比例；
多人居住百分比(multiple occupancy ratio)：一种用于预测餐饮收入、说明布草洗涤需求和分析日营业收入的比率；这些数据得自于多人居住百分比，或者由确定每间售出平均住客人数产生；也被称为双人居住比例；
每间可销售房收入（revenue per available room）：一种注重每间可销售房营收的收入管理尺度；
房价变化报告（room rate variance report）：列出未以门市价售出的房间的报告；
2． 房价术语 (参考四五星级业务知识)（参考前厅部的运转与管理P394）  
门市价（Rack rate）：是由前厅部管理层制定的标准价格，列在房价表上，告诉总台接待员饭店各个客房的销售价格；
门槛价（hurdle rate）：在营收管理中，它是某一日期可接受的最低房价；
促销价（Promotion rate）：这种价格给予那些属于有吸引力的团体中的个人，以激励他们的惠顾。在特殊的淡季期间，也会把这种价格给给予任何一位客人，以提高出租率；
公司或商务价或协议价（Contract rate）：这种价格给那些经常为饭店或其连锁集团提供客源的公司；
团队价（Group rate）：这种价格给团队、会议和使用饭店的大型会议。
  奖励价（Encouragement rate）：为了争取潜在业务，这种价格给予那些有业往来的机构客人，如旅行社和航空公司的客人。还常常会为激励将来的业务，而向领队、会议策划人、旅游安排人以及其他能给饭店增加客房销售的人员提供这类价格；
家庭房价（Family-Plan rate）：为携带儿童的家庭保留的房价；
小包价（Mini package rate）：一间客房与其他活动如早餐、高尔夫球、网球或停车结合在一起的价格；
赠送价或免费（Complementary）：给特殊客人和/或重要工业巨头的房价。赠送价通常指客人住店期间免收房费，但客人用餐、打电话等其他消费需要付款；
服务费（surcharge）：通常为15%左右；
3．各类计价方法术语：（见四五星级饭店业务知识）
欧式计价（European Plan，简称EP）这种计价只计房租，不包括餐费，为世界上多数饭店所采用；
美式计价（American Plan，简称AP）这种计价方式的特点是，客房价格不仅包括房租，还包括一日三餐的费用，多为度假型饭店或团体（会议）客人使用；
   修正美式计价（Modified American Plan）简称MAP此种价格包括房租和早餐费用，还包括一顿午餐或晚餐（二者可以任选其一），这种计价方式比较适合普通旅游客人；
   欧陆式计价（Continental Plan）简称CP客房价格中包括房租和欧陆式早餐Continental Breakfast），欧陆式早餐比较简单，一般提供冷冻果汁、烤面包（配黄油、果酱）、咖啡或茶；
百慕大式计价（Bermuda Plan）简称BP客房价格中包括房租和美式早餐（American Breakfast）。美式早餐除包括欧陆式早餐的内容以外，通常还提供煎（煮）鸡蛋、火腿、香肠、咸肉、牛奶、水果等；
4．客房状况术语
? Room Status：房间状态；
? Clean：干净；
? Dirty：脏；
? Out of order：严重坏房；
? Out of Server：轻微坏房；
? Front Office Status：前台状态；
? Vacant：空的；
Occupied：占用的，有人住
    ?   Reservation statues：预订状态
? Arrivals：预抵；
? Arrived：已到店；
? Stay Over：在店；
? Due Out：预离；
? Departed：已离店；
? Not Reserved：纯空房，没有预订；
?   Reserved：有预订的（将来某天）
各类房态缩写术语：
VC：（vacant clean）干净的空房，即OK房，可直接出售，安排客人入住；
VD：（vacant dirty）脏的空房；
OC：（occupied clean）干净的住房或干净的占用房；
OD：（occupied dirty）未打扫干净的住房；
Discrepant Room：矛盾房；
Sleep out:外宿房；
Skipper:未结帐即离房，逃帐房；
Light luggage room: 只带有少量行李的客房；
No luggage room：无行李房；
Out of order：严重坏房；
Out of Server：轻微坏房；
房间类型（ROOM TYPE）术语：（见饭店前厅服务与管理P63页）
1)床具种类
单人床（Twin-size Bed）；
双人床（Double-size Bed）：包括大号双人床（Queen-size Bed）和特大号双人床（King-size Bed）
隐蔽床（Murphy Bed）
婴儿床（Baby Bed）
加床（Extra Bed）Rollaway Bed
2)客房类型
单人间（Single Room）；
标准间（Standard Room） ：放置两张单人床，我国饭店的大多数客房属于这种类型；
大床间（Double Room）：该房间放置一张双人床，一般适合夫妻或商务客人使用；新婚夫妇使用时，称"蜜月客房"；
三人间（Triple Room）：一般是房内放置三张单人床，供三位宾客同时入住，属经济房间。目前在中高档饭店中此类房间极少，多以在双人间加一张折叠床的方式来满足三人同住一间客房的要求；
套房（Suite Room）：
普通套间（Junior Suite）
豪华套间（Deluxe Suite）
立体套间（Duplex Suite）
总统套间（Presidential Suite）
特殊客房：如残疾人客房（Handling Room）
内景房（Inside Room）外景房（Outside Room） 角房（Corner Room） 连通（Connecting room）相邻房（Adjoining Room）

 

Carol gets a kick out of teasing the dog 卡罗尔在逗狗中得到很大乐趣fax documents 传真文件drink coffee with milk 喝加了奶的咖啡clothes ****** 制衣业milk the cow 挤牛奶click out an article （在电脑上）敲出一篇文章close cooperation with clients 与客户的密切合作She is becoming more energetic 她变得更加精力充沛了She is becoming more enthusiastic 她变得更有激情了a capable girl 一个能干的女孩子be capable of doing 在干....方面很有能力get a great kick out of 从...中得到很大的乐趣 She is as good as gold 她很乖work hand in gloves with 相互勾结crash the gate 进门不买票,破门而入gang up on the weak 结伙欺负弱者get big praises 得到众多的夸奖be big on 特别喜欢be as good as gold 象金子一样的好,很乖gossip a lot 到处说闲话goof off 开小差,,偷懒go out in small groups 三五成群的出去break into 强行闯入thick fogs 浓雾a goal keeper 守门员talk big 说大话break ground 破土动工work against the clock 争分夺秒He takes the book with him and reads it from cover to cover 他把书带在身边,从头到尾的读了又读lucky at cards 赌场走运a hard nut 一个很难对付的人the duck farm 养鸭场She never goes back on her words and break her promise.be in a bad hurry 特别的仓促a loving couple 一对恩爱的夫妻as soon as possible as good as gold as right as rain as white as snow as dark as night as busy as a bee cast a glance at 看一下....talk back to sb.  对....回嘴She has much love for her mother 她很爱她的妈妈Bob is such a guy who has no guts. 鲍勃这号人一点儿骨气都没有

 
take a bath 洗个澡He insists on finishing the task 他坚持要把活儿干完.insist on doing 坚持要...ten sharp 正好十点locked fast 锁好play one's card well 牌出得很好,办事方法高明sold all the...before it got back. 天黑之前就把....给卖掉了starting a film 主演一部电影lose his heart. 灰心丧气keep harping 不断唠叨by the strong arm 强硬的He was cast for the part 把这个角色分配给他They get a flying start 他们来了个开门红He is hard to please 他很难取悦be cast for the part of... 出演....角色a flying start 一个很好的开始by the strong arm 强迫性的a thorough wash 彻底的洗刷in trouble 遇到麻烦never create trouble. 从来不惹麻烦pull one's muscles 尽某人最大的努力remain optimistic about... 对...保持乐观态度Her husband is in the bucks. 她的丈夫很有钱sell their brushes in bulk 成批量地销售刷子****** bundles of money 挣大量的钱collect fund 筹集资金be in the bucks 很有钱sell in bulk 批发,批量卖出make bundles of  money 赚很多的钱be full of love for 对...充满了爱心utterly in the dark 完全被蒙在鼓里a hard nut to crack 一个很难对付的人no lust for playing cards 没有玩牌的欲望She has no lust for hard currency 她没有挣钞票的欲望Please do not pass the buck to others不要把责任推给别人

 
  pad the bill 贪污hold the bag背黑锅 back up the point支持论点 take a nap 午休go to the pub去酒吧 developing by leaps and bounds 飞速发展bake a pie烤馅饼 nightclub夜总会 The scenery is very pleasing.这里的风景很宜人  Tears are streaming down her cheeks泪水从她脸上流下来  stand on one's feet.    Cats catch mice猫捉老鼠 Good on you.干得好 internal affairs内政 It fits her to a T.这个对她再合适不过了 Keep fit exercises 健身运动  meet the needs of the changing market.迎合市场的不断需求  She says that it is a daydream indeed. 她说这确实是个白日梦  The output of wheat is greatly decreased.小麦的产量大幅度下降.  Honesty is the best policy.诚实是最佳之策.   When we are together.... 我们在一起时  She is dressed in her best.她穿着最漂亮的衣服 can exp
a packing plant包装厂

not fit the feet 不合脚Keep it between you and me.  不要对别人讲.He is picking tea-leaves on the peak. 在山顶上采茶叶.at the seaside.  在海边 have a history  有犯罪前科. feel cheap 感到惭愧 feel guilty感到内疚in bad need of 非常需要be in the chips 很有钱Seeing is believing. 眼见为实.Ill set, ill get. 恶有恶报.feel like a million dollars.感到特别开心

School-bus 学校班车
Tea-spoon 汤勺
Tea-leaves 茶叶
Bank-clerk 银行职员
Office-work 办公室工作
Law-making 立法
Decision-making 决策
Situation-development 形势发展
Beijing’s high tech  北京的高新技术
My friends’ relations 我朋友的关系
The map of China 中国地图
The price of the car 车的价格
The width of the street 街道的宽度
The window of the room 房间的窗户
The name of the book 书名
The theme of the poem 诗的主题
Bad news 坏消息
A new invention 一个新的发明
Recent development 最近的发展
A high goal 远大目标
A beautiful soul 美好的心灵
A noble spirit 高尚的精神
Very practical 很现实
Very dependent 依赖性很强
Extremely boring 极为乏味
On the surface 表面上
In the near future 在不远的将来
Beyond our imagination 超出我们的想象力
For one reason or another 没有任何理由
In consideration of the future 由于种种理由
At the end of one’s tether 某人已无计可施
Under the pressure of 在…..的压力之下
Below the average of 低于….的平均水平
At the sight of 见到…….
For the sake of 为了…的缘故
In the wake of 随….之后
A happy family 一个幸福的家庭
In a ticket-office 在售票处
My elder sister / brother 我的姐姐/哥哥
My younger sister/ brother 我的妹妹/弟弟
Ministers from the ministries 来自各部委的部长们
Give a lip service 打空头支票
The sick is in the clinic 病人在医务室.
Drinks within his limits 饮酒有度
A splendid image 光辉形象
Get rich quick 暴发
Rich imagination 丰富的想象力
Kick off bad habits 戒掉恶习
Human civilization 人类文明
Modern facilities 现代设备
Musically illiterate 缺乏音乐方面知识的
To baby-sit 给人当保姆
Within one’s limits 不超限度
The service industry 服务行业
Remain diligent 保持勤奋
Weed the grass in the field 在田里除草
He has little sleep 他睡不着
He feels sad indeed. 他确实感到很伤心
Feed …with 用….喂
During the day 在白天
At night 在夜间
Stealing into 偷偷进入
It was freezingly cold 天气很冷
Trembling like a leaf 浑身打哆嗦
Seem to be grieved 看来很悲痛
Peeping into the street 偷偷地往街上看
not fit the feet 不合脚
Keep it between you and me.  不要对别人讲.
He is picking tea-leaves on the peak. 在山顶上采茶叶.
at the seaside.  在海边
have a history  有犯罪前科.
feel cheap 感到惭愧
 feel guilty感到内疚
in bad need of 非常需要
be in the chips 很有钱
Seeing is believing. 眼见为实.
Ill set, ill get. 恶有恶报
.feel like a million dollars.感到特别开心

In dressed in one’s best 穿着最好的服装
Can express oneself in fluent language  用流利的语言表达自己
Excellent service 一流的服务
She is always ready to help 她总是乐于助人
Get terribly upset 搞得心烦意乱
She gets very little rest. 她很少休息
The neck of a forest 一个森林的入口/出口
Next to 与。。。相邻
Make things better for 为。。。把事情做得更好
You are one of the best girls I have ever met. 你是我见过的最好的女孩中的一个
He is a black sheep 他是一个败家子
A glad hand 乐于帮助
Standing there idly 闲站在那里
Go to gamble 去赌博
To be in need of a hand 需要一个帮手
Create traffic accidents 制造交通事故
Smash things 打碎东西
Badmouth others 说别人坏话
Petty theft 小偷小摸
Make… hold the bag 让。。。。背黑锅
Pull caps 发生口角

Litter …. peels 扔。。。的果皮
Marry a fat cat 嫁给一个大款
Traffic jams 交通堵塞
She feels much flattered 她 感到很得意
The general manager 总经理
In reality 事实上
In the eyes of many 在很多人眼里
A fat cat 一个特别有钱的人，大款
Practical and tactical  实际的，现实的，有策略的
Be on the right track 不出格儿
Play a major role 起了很大的作用
Elevate herself 提升自己
In many other respects 在很多其他方面
A red flag 一面红旗
The lamp on the desk 写字桌上的台灯
All the mad men 所有的坏男人
Met a fat cat 遇到一个大款
A man of men 杰出的男人
Never make your friends sad 切莫使朋友伤心
Never blink the facts 切莫无视事实
Jack is a man of letters 杰克是个文人
She never makes friends with bad men 她从不和坏人交朋友
Last Saturday was Mary’s red-letter day 上周六是玛丽的大喜日子
He is collecting facts for his MA essay  他在为自己的硕士论文收集论据
Sad things are hard to forget  伤心事很难忘却
The task make Ted feel dog-tired. 这项工作把泰德累坏了
His daily bread 他的生计
Get an MA degree  获得硕士学位
Delicate food 美味佳肴
Demonstrate his capability 展示他的能力
Deep inside the soul 在心灵深处
My girlfriend is double glad 我的女朋友高兴得不得了
She encouraged me to go ahead 她鼓励我就这么办
She was on top of the world and felt very warm deep inside 她高兴极了，内心深处感到十分的温暖
Since then, she is always on my side and nothing has ever divided us. 从那时起她就一直在我身边， 从未有什么能使我俩分离
A lofty mind 高尚的情操
Fold the stand 卷起摊位
I did the whole lot 这一切都是我做的
Nobody told me what and how 谁也没有告诉我做什么或怎么做
I was sweat all over and got dog-tired 我大汗淋漓，疲惫不堪
My head was dizzy and I has little sleep 我的头晕，几乎睡不着
The joke fell flat 这个笑话没引人发笑
One apple a day keeps the doctor away
The fox is cunning 那只狐狸狡猾
The dogs are faithful 这些狗忠诚
You are very sensible 你很懂事
A bad cold 重感冒
Let’s have a good chat 咱们好好聊聊吧
Because the man is a bad egg 因为那人不是个好东西
She is energetic and enthusiastic 她精力旺盛且极富热情。
Birds of a feather flock together 物以类聚
She hates dating men of ill manners 她讨厌和不懂礼节的男人约会
She is often dressed in the latest fashion 她总穿最时髦的衣服
The manager gave the man his sack 经理把那个人解雇了
The manager gave him a pack on the back 经理拍拍他的后背以示赞赏。

Intelligent , dolphin, parade,
They use the case system of teaching, ,that is , you study how actual businesses grew or failed
It’s still add-drop, which means changing from class to class to find out which one is best.
Study is business, and business comes before recreation.

Dude, 老兄，老哥，chick, 女孩，有不尊重的意思pissed off 生气，不高兴
Hey, give me five. 嗨， 好啊 常在击掌庆贺时用]
Freak out  大发脾气
Get out of here, 别开玩笑了，别骗人了gross, 真恶心，
Hello, 有没有搞错，green   ，， 新手，没有经验，have a crush on sb. 爱上某人

I find it takes time and energy to learn it well even though I know “no pains, no gains.”
She thinks it’s easy to make friends.
It’s convenient to use the library

 

                  四六级写作的关键词汇及短语
1. 一些  a range of ; a variety of ; a series of ; an array of
2. 无数  innumerable; countless
3. 许多  plenty of ; many ; much; a great deal of ; a lot of ; ample
4. 非常多（大）的 tremendous
5. 依序列举  list in sequence
6.          时间词
过时的 outdated ; antiquated; outmoded; obsolete; anachronistic
  短暂的ephemeral; transitory; transient; short-lived
  不合时宜的anachronism 可持久的durable; able to stand wear; last a long time
  一再 time after time ; again and again
  初始的   preliminary
  前述的aforementioned; aforesaid; former

Budget:    on a budget,    budget plan= buy in installments
          You have a budget of letters on your desk.
          Adj.   the budget meal for a family
         
Capital     make capital out of
           Absorption of foreign capital
           speak  in capitals
                 with a capital letter
           adj. 1)   first and foremost,
                e.g.  a decision of capital importance
               2)   first-rate, excellent
                e.g.  a capital idea
               3)   extremely serious
                 e.g.  a capital blunder
               4)   involving death or calling for the death penalty
                 e.g.  a capital offense

custom      the customs
            a customs officer
            customs house
            have sb’s custom
            give/ present one’s custom to
            Once is no custom.
            Custom-habit is a second nature.

Enterprise    a man of enterprise
             A spirit of enterprise
             Free enterprise

Permanent    a permanent job
             Permanent  assets

Positive      be positive about/ of

Transport     be transported with grief
             On hearing the victory, the nation was transported with joy.
             In a transport of

Draft         bill of exchange
              A draft system
              A draft of air, stand in a draft
              At a / one draft
              Feel the draft (slang)
              Make a draft on/ upon
Volume         speak volumes for sth.

Withdraw        withdraw money from the bank
               
Blame           be small blame to sb
                Be to blame
                Bear the blame
                Lay the blame on the right shoulder
                            At the right door
                Shift the blame on sb
                Take the blame
              v. blame sb for sth
                blame sth on sb
identical         be identical in
                be identical with

attend           e.g. May good luck attend you.
                Be attended by
Recognize        recognize sb./sth by (sth)
                 Recognize sb/ sth as sth
                 Recognizable, recognizably

Praise            beyond praise
                 Damn with faint praise
                 God be praised.
                 Sing one’s own praises
                 In praise of
                 Praise is not pudding.    [Idiom]
                 Pudding rather than praise.

          Don’t get your pantles in a bunch. 别大惊小怪的。
Class dismissed . 下课
You got a problem, talk to .. 你有意见，找。。
Your mind’s only on one thing. 你脑子里只有一根筋。
I had to cover your ass. 我得替你收拾残局。
变种人，mutant,
The use or misuse of that power is everything. 能否正确使用它才是关键。
You don’t shed on the furnlture. 你是站着说话不腰疼。
1.13   21

不利于健康的生活条件
insalubrious living conditions
不利于健康的习惯
habits inimical to good health.
吸烟对健康有害。
Smoking is a danger to health.
吸烟影响健康。
Smoking affects health.
吸烟危害健康，这是事实。
It is a fact that smoking is a danger to health.
吸烟如何影响健康）。
how smoking affects health). Effect
抽烟对健康有害,尤其对肺有害。
Smoking is injurious to health, especially to the lungs.
读完一篇题为<吸烟与您的健康>的文章后,我点燃了一支香烟,以便使我紧张的神经能平静下来。
After reading an article entitled 'Cigarette Smoking and Your Health' I lit a cigarette to calm my nerves.
由于经常抽烟而危及健康；
hazarded his well - being by constant smoking;
抽烟有害于健康。
Smoking is bad for your health

It is generally accepted that smoking is harmful to our health.
Everyone knows that smoking is harmful to health and much medical evidence has proved this point. But more and more Chinese tend to smoke. There are several reasons for this. First, smoking doesn't lead to disease immediately. Maybe a man's health is becoming bad in a long period without consciousness. Second, it is hard for a long-standing smoker to give up smoking. Third, the young believe that smoking makes them appear mature and helps them make friends.
Since smoking is no good, we should try our best to control cigarrette smoking. First, we shoul make the young know the danger of smoking. In addition, it is necessary to forbid smoking in the public places by law. Last, the government must control the production of tabacco industry. Only so can we reduce the number of Chinese smokers.
范文八
Smoking is very harmful. First, smoking costs a great deal of money. It wastes 200 billion dollars each year in the world. Second,smoking does harm to the health of smokers and even the people near them. About 3 million people die of diseases caused by smoking every year.
Luckily, more and more people have come to realize the great harm of smoking. To our delight the total amount of world tobacco production has dropped from over 14 billion pounds in 2000 to 7 billion pounds in 2003. It is certain that the number of smokers will further decrease gradually.
吸烟与健康
吸烟者到处可见。世界上有65亿人口，吸烟者占12亿，占世界总人口的20％。
吸烟有害。首先，吸烟需要花费大量金钱。全世界每年需要浪费掉2 000亿美元。其次，吸烟对吸烟者和他周围的人有害，每年大约有300万人死于因吸烟而引起的疾病。
幸运的是，现在越来越多的人已经认识到吸烟的危害。使我们高兴的是，世界烟草的总产量已从2000年的，140亿磅降到2003年的70亿磅。吸烟人群也必定会逐年减少的。
As we all smoking is very harmful to our health. It does great harm not only to our health, but also to our mind. Now more and more people all over the world have given up smoking or have made up their minds to do so, I think we the future builders of our country. We should study hard and make progress every day. We should form good habits so that we can spend our time learning things useful and valuable for our motherland and people.
我读了一篇报纸上的报道。某中学生染上抽烟的恶习，尽管老师、朋友劝他不要再抽烟，但他戒不掉，甚至发展到偷钱买烟，最终被送进监狱。我们知道，吸烟对健康危害极大。它不仅危害我们的健康，也危害我们的心灵。现在世界上越来越多的人已经戒掉或者决心戒掉烟瘾。我想我们是祖国未来的建设者，我们应该好好学习，天天进步；我们应该养成好的习惯，以便能够把时间花在学习对祖国对人民有用的东西上

英语六级作文过关的12种句型

 1.表示原因
　　1)There are three reasons for this.
　　2)The reasons for this are as follows.
　　3)The reason for this is obvious.
　　4)The reason for this is not far to seek.
　　5)The reason for this is that...
　　6)We have good reason to believe that...
　　例如：
　　There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life.Firstly，people’s living standard has been greatly improved.Secondly，most people are well paid， and they can afford what they need or like.Last but not least，more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life.
　　注：如考生写第一个句子没有把握，可将其改写成两个句子。如：Great changes have taken place in our life. There are three reasons for this.这样写可以避免套用中的表达失误。
　　2.表示好处
　　1)It has the following advantages.
　　2)It does us a lot of good.
　　3)It benefits us quite a lot.
　　4)It is beneficial to us.
　　5)It is of great benefit to us.
　　例如：
　　Books are like friends.They can help us know the world better，and they can open our minds and widen our horizons.Therefore，reading extensively is of great benefit to us.
　　3.表示坏处
　　1)It has more disadvantages than advantages.
　　2)It does us much harm.
　　3)It is harmfulto us.
　　例如：
　　However，everything dividesinto two.Television can also be harmful to us.It can do harm to our health and make us lazy if we spend too much time watching televi- sion.
　　4.表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能
　　1)It is important(necessary，difficult，convenient， possible)for sb.to do sth.
　　2)We think it necessary to do sth.
　　3)It plays an important role in our life.
　　例如：
　　Computers are now being used everywhere，whether in the government，in schools or in business.Soon， computers will be found in every home，too.We have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into the Computer Age.
　　5.表示措施
　　1)We should take some effective measures.
　　2)We should try our best to overcome(conquer)the difficulties.
　　3)We should do our utmost in doing sth.
　　4)We should solve the problems that we are confronted(faced)with.
　　例如：
　　The housing problem that we are confronted with is becoming more and more serious.Therefore，we must take some effective measures to solve it.
　　6.表示变化
　　1)Some changes have taken place in the past five years.
　　2)A great change will certainly be produced in the world’s communications.
　　3)The computer has brought about many changes in education.
　　例如：
　　Some changes have taken place in people’s diet in the past five years.The major reasons for these changes are not far to seek.Nowadays，more and more people are switching from grain to meat for protein，and from fruit and vegetable to milk for vitamins.
　　 7.表示事实、现状
　　1)We cannot ignore the fact that...
　　2)No one can deny the fact that...
　　3)There is no denying the fact that...
　　4)This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in.
　　5)However，that’s not the case.
　　例如：
　　We cannot ignore the fact that industrialization brings with it the problems of pollution.To solve these problems， we can start by educating the public about the hazards of pollution.The government on its part should also design stricter laws to promote a cleaner environment.
　　8.表示比较
　　1)Compared with A，B...
　　2)I prefer to read rather than watch TV.
　　3)There is a striking contrast between them.
　　例如：
　　Compared with cars，bicycles have several advantages besides being affordable.Firstly，they do not consume natural resources of petroleum.Secondly，they do not cause the pollution problem.Last but not least，they contribute to people’s health by giving them due physical exercise.
　　 9.表示数量
　　1)It has increased(decreased)from...to...
　　2)The population in this city has now increased (decreased)to 800，000.
　　3)The output of July in this factory increased by 15% compared with that of January.
　　例如：
　　With the improvement of the living standard，the proportion of people’s income spent on food has decreased while that spent on education has increased.
　　再如：
　　From the graph listed above，itcan be seen that student use of computers has increased from an average of less than two hours per week in 1990 to 20 hours in 2000。
　　注：“From the graph listed above，it can be seen that”见句式12。考生将句式9和句式12结合在一起，便可较好地写出2002年6月CET -4、6短文写作的第一段。
　　10.表示看法
　　1)People have(take，adopt，assume)different attitudes towards sth.
　　2)People have different opinions on this problem.
　　3)People take different views of(on)the question.
　　4)Some people believe that...Others argue that...
　　例如：
　　People have different attitudes towards failure.Some believe that failure leads to success.
　　Every failure they experience translates into a greater chance of success at their renewed endeavor.However， others are easily discouraged by failures and put themselves into the category of losers.
　　11.表示结论
　　1)In short，it can be said that ...
　　2)It may be briefly summed up as follows.
　　3)From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that ...
　　例如：
　　From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that examination is necessary，however， its method should be improved.
　　注：例句1可用于任何一个段落的结论句；例句3则多用文章结论段的第一句。
　　12.套语
　　1)It’s well known to us that ...
　　2)As is known to us，...
　　3)This is a topic that is being widely talked about.
　　4)From the graph(table，chart)listed above，it can be seen that ...
　　5)As aproverb says，“Where there is a will，there is a way.
　　例如：
　　As is well known to us，it is important for the students to know the world outside campus.
　　The reason for this is obvious.Nowadays，the society is changing and developing rapidly，and the campus is no longer an“ivory tower.As college students，we must get in touch with the world outside the campus.Only in this way can we adapt ourselves to the society quickly after we graduate.

 

 

英语四级写作的九类精彩句型
　 一)比较
　　1.The advantage far outweigh the disadvantages.
　　2.The advantages of A are much greater than those of B.
　　3.A may be preferable to B, but A suffers from the disadvantages that...
　　4.It is reasonable to maintain that ...but it would be foolish to claim that...
　　5.For all the disadvantages, it has its compensating advantages.
　　6.Like anything else, it has its faults.
　　7.A and B has several points in common.
　　8.A bears some resemblances to B.
　　9.However, the same is not applicable to B.
　　10. A and B differ in several ways.
　　11. Evidently, it has both negative and positive effects.
　　12. People used to think ..., but things are different now.
　　13. The same is true of B.
　　14. Wondering as A is ,it has its drawbacks.
　　15. It is true that A ... , but the chief faults (obvious defects )are ...
　　 二)原因
　　1.A number of factors are accountable for this situation.
　　 A number of factors might contribute to (lead to )(account for ) the phenomenon(problem).
　　2. The answer to this problem involves many factors.
　　3. The phenomenon mainly stems from the fact that...
　　4. The factors that contribute to this situation include...
　　5. The change in ...largely results from the fact that...
　　6. We may blame ...,but the real causes are...
　　7. Part of the explanations for it is that ...
　　One of the most common factors (causes ) is that ...
　　Another contributing factor (cause ) is ...
　　Perhaps the primary factor is that …
　　But the fundamental cause is that ...
　　 三)后果
　　 1. It may give rise to a host of problems.
　　2. The immediate result it produces is ...
　　3. It will exercise a profound influence upon...
　　4. Its consequence can be so great that...
　　四)批驳
　　1)It is true that ..., but one vital point is being left out.
　　2) There is a grain of truth in these statements, but they ignore a more important fact.
　　3) Some people say ..., but it does not hold water.
　　4) Many of us have been under the illusion that...
　　5) A close examination would reveal how ridiculous the statement is.
　　6) It makes no sense to argue for ...
　　7) Too much stress placed on ... may lead to ...
　　8) Such a statement mainly rests on the assumption that ...
　　9) Contrary to what is widely accepted, I maintain that ...
　　五)举例
　　1) A good case in point is ...
　　2) As an illustration, we may take ...
　　3) Such examples might be given easily.
　　4) ...is often cited as an example.
　　六)证明
　　1) No one can deny the fact that ...
　　2) The idea is hardly supported by facts.
　　3) Unfortunately, none of the available data shows ...
　　4) Recent studies indicate that ...
　　5) There is sufficient evidence to show that ...
　　6) According to statistics proved by ..., it can be seen that ...
　　七)开篇
　　1) Many nations have been faced with the problem of ...
　　2) Recently the problem has been brought into focus.
　　3) Recently the phenomenon has become a heated topic.
　　4) Recently the issue has aroused great concern among ...
　　5) Nowadays there is a growing concern over ...
　　6) Never in our history has the idea that ... been so popular.
　　7) Faced with ..., quite a few people argue that ...
　　8) According to a recent survey, ...
　　9) With the rapid development of ..., ...
　　 八)结尾
　　1) From what has been discussed above, we can draw the conclusion that ...
　　2) It is high time that strict measures were taken to stop ...
　　3) It is necessary that steps should be taken to ...
　　4) In conclusion, it is imperative that ...
　　5) There is no easy method, but ...might be of some help.
　　6) To solve the above-mentioned problem, we must ...
　　7) In summary, if we continue to ignore the above-mentioned issue, more problems will crop up.
　　8) With the efforts of all parts concerned, the problem will be solved thoroughly.
　　9) We might do more than identify the cause ; it is important to take actions to ...
　　10) Taking all these into account, we ...
　　11) Whether it is good or not /positive or negative, one thing is certain/clear...
　　 九)陈述
　　1)With the deepening of Chinese reform and opening up
　　2)When it comes to...，some people think /believe……that...，others argue /claim that opposite /reverse is true.There is probably……some truth in both arguments/statements，but...当说到……，有些人认为……，但另一些人则持相反的观点……。这两种观点可能都有点道理，但……

六级作文布局的八种常用句型

　 　一)原因
　　1.A number of factors are accountable for this situation.
　　 A number of factors might contribute to (lead to )(account for ) the phenomenon(problem).
　　2. The answer to this problem involves many factors.
　　3. The phenomenon mainly stems from the fact that...
　　4. The factors that contribute to this situation include...
　　5. The change in ...largely results from the fact that...
　　6. We may blame ...,but the real causes are...
　　7. Part of the explanations for it is that ...
　　One of the most common factors (causes ) is that ...
　　Another contributing factor (cause ) is ...
　　Perhaps the primary factor is that …
　　But the fundamental cause is that
　　二)比较
　　1.The advantage far outweigh the disadvantages.
　　2.The advantages of A are much greater than those of B.
　　3.A may be preferable to B, but A suffers from the disadvantages that...
　　4.It is reasonable to maintain that ...but it would be foolish to claim that...
　　5.For all the disadvantages, it has its compensating advantages.
　　6.Like anything else, it has its faults.
　　7.A and B has several points in common.
　　8.A bears some resemblances to B.
　　9.However, the same is not applicable to B.
　　 10. A and B differ in several ways.
　　11. Evidently, it has both negative and positive effects.
　　12. People used to think ..., but things are different now.
　　13. The same is true of B.
　　14. Wondering as A is ,it has its drawbacks.
　　15. It is true that A ... , but the chief faults (obvious defects )are ...
　　 三)批驳
　　1)It is true that ..., but one vital point is being left out.
　　2) There is a grain of truth in these statements, but they ignore a more important fact.(From:www.rr365.com)
　　3) Some people say ..., but it does not hold water.
　　4) Many of us have been under the illusion that...
　　5) A close examination would reveal how ridiculous the statement is.
　　6) It makes no sense to argue for ...
　　7) Too much stress placed on ... may lead to ...
　　8) Such a statement mainly rests on the assumption that ...
　　9) Contrary to what is widely accepted, I maintain that ...
　　四)后果
　　1. It may give rise to a host of problems.
　　2. The immediate result it produces is ...
　　3. It will exercise a profound influence upon...
　　4. Its consequence can be so great that...
　　五)举例
　　1) A good case in point is ...
　　2) As an illustration, we may take ...
　　3) Such examples might be given easily.
　　4) ...is often cited as an example.
　　六)证明
　　1) No one can deny the fact that ...
　　2) The idea is hardly supported by facts.
　　3) Unfortunately, none of the available data shows ...
　　4) Recent studies indicate that ...
　　5) There is sufficient evidence to show that ...
　　6) According to statistics proved by ..., it can be seen that ...
　　七)开篇
　　1) Many nations have been faced with the problem of ...
　　2) Recently the problem has been brought into focus.
　　3) Recently the phenomenon has become a heated topic.
　　4) Recently the issue has aroused great concern among ...
　　5) Nowadays there is a growing concern over ...
　　6) Never in our history has the idea that ... been so popular.
　　7) Faced with ..., quite a few people argue that ...
　　8) According to a recent survey, ...
　　9) With the rapid development of ......
　　 八)结尾
　　1) From what has been discussed above, we can draw the conclusion that ...
　　2) It is high time that strict measures were taken to stop ...
　　3) It is necessary that steps should be taken to ...
　　4) In conclusion, it is imperative that ...
　　5) There is no easy method, but ...might be of some help.
　　6) To solve the above-mentioned problem, we must ...
　　7) In summary, if we continue to ignore the above-mentioned issue, more problems will crop up.
　　8) With the efforts of all parts concerned, the problem will be solved thoroughly.
　　9) We might do more cause ; it is important to take actions to ...
　　 10) Taking all these into account, we ...
　　11) Whether it is good or not /positive or negative, one thing is certain/clear...

指导：英语四级必考30种句型
　 1． It作先行主语和先行宾语的一些句型
　　She had said what it was necessary to say.
　　2． 强调句型
　　It is not who rules us that is important, but how he rules us.
　　3． "All+抽象名词"或"抽象名词+itself"（very+形容词）
　　He was all gentleness to her.
　　4． 利用词汇重复表示强调
　　A crime is a crime a crime.
　　5． "something（much）of"和"nothing（little）of" "something of"相当于"to some extent"，表示程度。在疑问句或条件从句中，则为"anything of "，可译为"有点"，"略微等。""译为毫无"，"全无"。"much of"译为"大有"，"not much of"可译为"算不上"，"称不上"，"little of"可译为"几乎无"。something like译为"有点像，略似。"
　　They say that he had no university education, but he seems to be something of a scholar.

　　6． 同格名词修饰是指of前后的两个名词都指同一个人或物，"of"以及它前面的名词构一个形容词短语，以修饰"of"后面的那个名词。如"her old sharper of a father"，可译为："她那骗子般的父亲"。
　　Those pigs of girls eat so much.
　　7． as…as…can（may）be
　　It is as plain as plain can be.
　　8． "It is in（with）…as in（with）"
　　It is in life as in a journey.

　　9． "as good as…"相等于，就像，几乎如；实际上，其实，实在。
　　The merchant as good as promised the orphan boy, that he would adopt him.
　　10．"many as well…as"和"might as well …as" "many as well…as"可译为"与其……，不如……，更好"，"以这样做……为宜"，"如同……，也可以……"等等。"might as well …as"表示不可能的事，可译为"犹如……"，"可与……一样荒唐"，"与其那样不如这样的好"等等。
　　One may as well not know a thing at all as know it imperfectly.
　　11．"to make…of"的译法（使……成为……，把……当作）
　　I will make a scientist of my son.
　　12． oo…+不定式"，not（never）too…+不定式"，"too…not+不定式
　　She is too angry to speak.

　　13． only(not, all, but, never) too …to do so "和"too ready (apt) + to do"结构中，不定式也没有否定意义，凡是"not"，"all""but等字后+"too…to，"不定式都失去了否定意义，在"too ready（apt） +to do"结构中，不定式也没有否定意义。
　　You know but too yell to hold your tongue.
　　14． "no more …than…"句型
　　A home without love is no more a home than a body without a soul is a man.
　　15． "not so much…as"和"not so much as …"结构，"not so much…as"="not so much as …"，其中as有进可换用but rather，可译为："与其说是……毋须说是……"。而"not so much as"="without（not）even，"可译为"甚至……还没有"。
　　The oceans do not so much divide the world as unite it .

　　16． "Nothing is more…than"和"Nothing is so …as"结构，"Nothing is more…than"和"Nothing is so …as"都具有最高级比较的意思，"Nothing I"可换用"no"，"nobody"，"nowhere"，"little"，"few"，"hardly"，"scarcely"等等，可译为"没有……比……更为"，"像……再没有了"，"最……"等。
　　Nothing is more precious than time.
　　17． "cannot…too…"结构,"cannot…too…"意为"It is impossible to overdo…"或者，即"无论怎样……也不算过分"。"not"可换用"hardly"，"scarcely"等，"too"可换用"enough"，"sufficient"等
　　You cannot be too careful.
　　18． "否定+but "结构，在否定词后面的"but"，具有"which not"，"who not"，"that not"，等等否定意义，构成前后的双重否定。可译成"没有……不是"或"……都……"等
　　Nothing is so bad but it might have been worse.
　　19． "否定+until (till)"结构，在否定词"no"，"not"，"never"，"little"，"few"，"seldom"等的后边所接用的"until/till"，多数情况下译为"直到……才……"，"要……才……"，把否定译为肯定。
　　Nobody knows what he can do till he has tried.

　　20． "not so…but"和"not such a …but"结构，这两个结构和"否定+but"的结构差不多，不同之点是这两个结构中的"but"是含有"that…not"意味的连续词，表示程度。可译为"还没有……到不能做……的程度"，"并不是……不……"，"无论怎样……也不是不能……"等。
　　He is not so sick but he can come to school.
　　21． "疑问词+should…but "结构，这个结构表示过去的意外的事，意为"none…but"，可译为"除了……还有谁会……"，"岂料"，"想不到……竟是……"等。
　　Who should write it but himself?
　　22． "who knows but (that)…"和"who could should…but"结构，这个结构是反问形式，一般意译为"多半"，"亦未可知"等等，有时也可直译。
　　Who knows but (that) he may go?

　　23． "祈使句+and"和"祈使句+or"结构，"祈使句+and"表示"If…you…"，"祈使名+or"表示"if…not…，you。
　　Add love to a house and you have a home. Aad righteousness to a city and you have a community. Aad truth to a pile of red brick and you have a school.
　　24． "名词+and"结构，在这个结构中，名词等于状语从句，或表示条件，或表示时间。
　　A word, and he would lose his temper.
　　25． "as…,so…"结构，这里的"so"的意思是"in the same way"（也是如此）。此结构表明两个概念在程度上和关系上相似。
　　As rust eats iron, so care eats the heart.
　　26． "if any"结构，"if any"和"if ever"，意思是"果真有……"，"即使有……"，表示加强语气。与此类似的还有："if anything"（如有不同的话，如果稍有区别），"if a day"（=at least，至少）。
　　There is little, if any, hope.
　　27． "be it ever(never)so"和"let it be ever(never)so"结构，这里，"be it"中的"be"是古英语假设语气的遗留形式，现代英语则使用"let it be"。"ever so"和"never so"都表示同一意思，都表示"very"。
　　Be it ever so humble (let it be ever so humble), home is home.

　　28． "the last+不定式"和"the last +定语从词"结构，这种结构中的"last"意思是"the least likely"，用于否定性推论。可译为"最不大可能的"，"最不合适的"，由原意的"最后一个……"变成"最不可能……的一个"。
　　He is the last man to accept a bride.
　　29． "so…that…"句型，这个句型的意思是"如此……，以致于……"，但在翻译成汉语时，许多情况下，并不是一定要译成"如此……以致于……"，而是变通表达其含义。
　　He ran so fast that nobody could catch him up.
　　30． "more + than+原级形容词（副词）"结构，这是将不同性质加以比较，其中的"more"有"rather"的意思。
　　It is more than probable that he will fall.

cohabitation without  a marriage certificate is bad 
                 
With the development of modern society, people are becoming more and more open, which leads to a social phenomenon that many boys and girls cohabitate without a marriage certificate
  Some people think it’s good. They believe that as long as they love each other, it’s no need to apply for a marriage certificate and certificate is just a piece of paper, it can’t prove anything. What’s more, love is all that matters. Second, when the two live together, they can get acquainted with each other more well, which may let them know whether the other is his or her Mr. Right and may also form a solid foundation for their future life. Third, it is easy to break up without any strain if they think their present partner is not the right person they are looking for. They don’t need to be blamed for that.
   As for me, I hold opposite side. First, as we all know, we Chinese are very conservative. Conservation thoughts have been rooted in people’s mind deeply. If a boy cohabitate with a girl without marriage, they may be teased by others, especially the girl. Second, many people don’t take love seriously, especially the youngsters. They just want to have fun. They don’t want to take responsibility for each other. So if they don’t have a marriage certificate, they could break up with each other easily without any punishment. If the boy leave the girl, the girls must be hurt heavily, she may have burden in the future life. But with a marriage certificate they are under the protection of the law.
  Marriage is a lifelong thing, we should take it seriously. As students, we should not , especially girls. Study comes first . We should study hard to satisfy our parents but not to let them become disappointed and angry with us.
  In conclusion, a marriage certificate is important to lovers. They should first get a marriage certificate and then cohabitate with each other if they think they really need to live together forever.

写作辅导：作文中常用套句来源： 时间：9个月前  阅读：7793 次 [划词已启用]
标签： 考试作文 其他作文 专四写作 TEM4 专四经验 写作  作文中常用句套：
下文中出现的 A,B, “...”(某事物), "sb"( somebody),
要在写作中要根据上下文进行适当替换.

开头：
When it comes to ..., some think ...
There is a public debate today that ...
A is a commen way of ..., but is it a wise one?
Recentaly the problem has been brought into focus. 

提出观点：
Now there is a growing awareness that...
It is time we explore the truth of ...
Nowhere in history has the issue been more visible.

进一步提出观点：
... but that is only part of the history.
Another equally important aspect is ...
A is but one of the many effects. Another is ...
Besides, other reasons are...

提出假想例子的方式：
Suppose that...
Just imagine what would be like if...
It is reasonable to expect...
It is not surprising that...

举普通例子：
For example(instance),...
... such as A,B,C and so on (so forth)
A good case in point is...
A particular example for this is...

引用：
One of the greatest early writers said ...
"Knowledge is power", such is the remard of ...
"......". That is how sb comment ( criticize/ praise...).
"......". How often we hear such words like there.

讲故事
（先说故事主体），this story is not rare.
..., such delimma we often meet in daily life.
..., the story still has a realistic significance.

提出原因：
There are many reasons for ...
Why .... , for one thing,...
The answer to this problem involves many factors.
Any discussion about this problem would inevitably involves ...
The first reason can be obiviously seen.
Most people would agree that...
Some people may neglect that in fact ...
Others suggest that...
Part of the explanation is ...

进行对比：
The advantages for A for outweigh the disadvantages of...
Although A enjoys a distinct advantage ...
Indeed , A carries much weight than B when sth is concerned.
A maybe ... , but it suffers from the disadvantage that...

承上启下：
To understand the truth of ..., it is also important to see...
A study of ... will make this point clear

让步：
Certainly, B has its own advantages, such as...
I do not deny that A has its own merits.

结尾：
>From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw
the conclusion that ...
In summary, it is wiser ...
In short...
在作文中引用合适的名言警句，会给你的文章增色许多。这里收集了我本人喜爱的一些名言，可能会对你有用。我们使用引用的位置可以在开头结尾或正文段落中，
常见的使用形式如下：

One of the greatest early writers said ...
"Knowledge is power", such is the remard of ...
"......". That is how sb comment ( criticize/ praise...).
"......". How often we hear such words like there.

Useful quotations

逆境
by Robert Collier
In every adversity there lies the seed of an equivalent advantage. In every defeat there is a lesson showing you how to win the victory next time.

努力与成功
by Ann Landers
Opportunities are usually disguised as hard work, so most people don't recognize them.

坚持
by Ralph Waldo Emerson
No one can cheat you out of ultimate success but yourselves.

Confucius 孔子
Our greatest glory is not in never falling...
but in rising every time we fall.

坚持
Mother Teresa
To keep a lamp burning we have to keep putting oil in it.

Henry Ford
Nothing is particularly hard if you divide it inuo small jobs.

Winston Churchill
Never, never, never, never give up.

Albert Einstein
In uhe middle of difficulty lies opportunity.

努力与成功
by Crassus
Those who aim at great deeds must suffer greatly.
Thomas Edison
There is no substitute for hard work.

Leo Tolstoi
The strongest of all warriors are these two- Time and Patience.

Thomas Jefferson
I'm a great believer in luck,
and I find the harder I work...
the more I have of it.

Robert Collier
Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out.

Ray A. Croc
Luck is a dividend of sweat. The more you sweat, the luckier you get.

实际经验与间接经验
You'll learn more about a road by traveling it...
than by consulting all the maps in the world.

动机与结果
Vince Lombardi
Winning isn't everything...
but wanting to win is.

John F. Kennedy
We choose to go!to the moon and other things , oot because they are easy, but because they are hard.

Thucydides
The strong do what they will.
The weak do what they must.

为人态度：
John Wooden
Talent is God given--Be Humble.
Fame is man given-- Be Thankful.
Conceit is self given --Be Careful.

行动：
Theodore Roosevelt
Do what you can , with what you have , with where you are.

Publilius Syrus Maxim
No one knows what he can do till he tries.

Terence
There is nothing so easy but that it becomes difficult when you do it reluctantly.

Thomas Fuller
A wise man turns chance into good fortune.

William Hazlitt
Prosperity is a great teacher;
adversity is a greater.

William Penn
No pains, no palm;
no thorns, no throne;
no gall , no glory;
no cross, no crown.

Will Rogers
Even if you're on the right track, you'll get run over... if you just sit there.

Opportunity rarely knocks on your door.
Knock rather on opportunity's door if you ardently wish to enter.

成功与失败
Vince Lombardi
It's not whether you get knocked down.
...It's whether you get up again.

Winston Churchill
An optimist sees an opportunity in every calamity;
a pessimist sees a calamity in every opportunity.

热情（年轻/年老）
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm.

信心
James Allen
The will to do springs from the knowledge that we can do.

Samuel Johnson
Few things are impossible to diligence and skill.

Aughey
Lost time is never found again.

Voltaire
No problem can stand the assault of sustained thinking.

Napoleon
Victory belongs to the most persevering.

细心
Euipides
Leave no stone unturned.

计划与工作
Norman Vincent Peale
Plan your work for today and every day;
then work your plan.

Henry Ford
Failure is only the opportunity to more intelligently begin again.

Thomas Edison
I start where the last man left off.

理想与现实
What the mind of man can conceive and believe,
the mind of a man can achieve.

勤奋
Benjamin Franklin
Plough deep while sluggards sleep.

目标
Henry David Thoreau
In the lone run men hit only what they aim at.

幸运
Emily Dickinson
Luck is not chance...
It's toil...
Fortune's expensive smile is earned.

勤奋
Thomas Edison
Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration.
Useful Quotations

想象力
Albert Einstein
Imagination is more important than knowledge.

挑战：
Walter Begehot
The great pleasure in life is doing what people say you cannot do.

机会与准备
Abraham Lincoln
I will prepare and some day my chance will come.

信心与事实
Henry Ford
Whether you think you can or think you can't -- you are right.
English Proverb
Where there's a will there's a way.
There is no failure excepting no longer trying.
Luck is what happens when preparation meets opportunity

傲慢与偏见的内容

 

The novel opens with the famous line, "It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife." The arrival of such a single man "of considerable fortune" in the neighborhood greatly excites Mrs. Bennet. The Bennets had 5 daughters, the beautiful Jane, the clever Elizabeth, the bookish Mary, the immature Kitty and the wild Lydia. Mrs. Bennet worried that her daughter were never easy to find a husband respectively. Now the new neighborhood, a wealthy bachelor, named Charles Bingley, immediately became a focus that Mrs. Bennet chase for. In a ball, Bingley loved the Bennet family's eldest daughter Jane at first sight, which made Mrs. Bennet very happy. Bingley's friend , Darcy, also attended the ball. At first, Mr. Darcy was admired for his fine figure and good income , no wonder he was far more the subject of attention than Mr. Bingley. But he was too proud to believed that they do not deserve to be his partner, including Jane's sister Elisabeth. Elizabeth who had strong self-esteem, decided not to pay attention to this guy’s arrogance. But soon, Darcy was attracted by her lovely manners. So, in another ball, Darcy invited her to dance with him, but was rejected. Darcy felt in a mood. Bingley’s sister bent on Darcy all her mind, and when she found that Darcy was interested in Elizabeth, she decided to stop them. Darcy, on the other hand, sneered at Mrs. Bennet and her little daughter Li Asia’s vulgar. At the persuade of his younger sister and Darcy, Bingley went to London without saying a word. But Jane was still a deep feeling for him.
 Because there were no son in the family, after Mr. Bennet passed away, their property would be inherited to a cousin Mr. Collins, a pompous buffoon clergyman. He proposed to Elizabeth but was refused point-blank. So he immediately married Elizabeth’s best friend, Charlotte Lucas. Meanwhile, Elizabeth was introduced to Mr. Wickham, a pleasing, amiable officer in the regiment. One day, Mr. Wickham informed her that his father was Darcy’s family’s main seneschal, and Darcy’s father gave him a large legacy, but was devoured by Daycy. Since then, Elizabeth began to harbor a strong prejudice against Mr. Darcy. Later, when they met again, Darcy asked Elizabeth to marry him, but was rejected. This shock made him recognized the self-pride brought him devil fruit. He left painfully and left a letter to explain a few points. That is, he admitted Bingley’s leave was caused by him because he was dissatisfied with the flighty and vulgar of Mrs. Bennet. Wickham’s saying were all lies, the truth was that he himself devoured the legacy and attempted to seduce his (Darcy’s sister ) to elope with him. At the letter, Elizabeth felt regretful for her misunderstanding of Darcy and was shameful for her mother’s acts. She gradually changed her feeling towards Darcy. The next time she met Darcy, she found him changed, he not only were very polite, very popular and respectful with the local people, but also loved her sister very much. Her prejudice toward him was gone. But at the same time, Elisabeth received a letter from home saying that Li Asia eloped with the debt-carrying Wickham. Elizabeth was very embarrassed that he had thought that this kind of ugly would make Darcy look down on her. But it turned out beyond her expectation that when Darcy knew the news, he payed off Wichham’s all debts and gave him a huge sum of money to make them finish marriage. From then on, Elizabeth turned all her past prejudice toward Darcy into love. Jane and Bingley after some twists and turns, make up, a pair of lovers are immersed in the joy. Lady Catherine , who wanted her own daughter to marry Daycy , came in haste, arbitrarily to ensure that Elizabeth and Darcy is not married. But Elizabeth refused. And when the matter came to Darcy’s ear, he knew that Elizabeth has changed her own feeling toward him. So he sincerely asked her to marry him again. Here, a pair of lovers who had been delayed for their marriage by their own arrogance and prejudice toward each other finally together for ever. 
 

 

 

 

读后感

 In this novel, through writing the five Bennet’s daughters’ different treatment about their great event in their lives, the author want to demonstrate different attitudes to the question of the love and the marriage of young girl from the family of middle class in villages and towns, thus reflected the author herself’s marriage view, It is wrong to get married for the property, money and position; Get married and does not consider that above-mentioned factors are unwise too . So, she objects to getting married for money , objecting to regarding the marriage as a trifling matter . She emphasizes the importance of the ideal marriage , and regard men and women's emotion as the foundation stone which concludes the ideal marriage .
  In my opinion, I think this novel was a wonderful one. Love is the most beautiful feeling in the world. Love is all that matters. The distance between two hearts will never change because of their approach or separate if they love each other deeply and sincerely. But youth and love are the easiest to lose. What a happy feeling for a girl or boy to meet someone who love her deeply and sincerely? Or what a regretful thing for a girl or boy to lose someone who love her or him deeply and sincerely? Pride and prejudice are the two most common weakness in our human beings. And we are often too easy to be changed and mislead by something if we lose sense and get stuck in blind, thus we will miss something that matters in our life, like truth love. In the novel , pride and prejudice are the obstacles in the development of Darcy and Elizabeth’ love. Darcy’s pride , Elizabeth’s prejudice make them take a long time to be together. But fortunately, they are together in the end. That may be the most touching point in the novel. And in the real society, pride and prejudice may be the obstacles to the communications between each other. Moreover, pride and prejudice are the obstacles to recognize oneself, to recognize something rightly .Humans have too much weakness, we should overcome our weakness in order to live more happily. And we should also try our best to learn other’s feelings so that we can have a better relationship with others.