学习英语阅读(二)三步走
Helen Yjx
Only College
一、引言
学期伊始,对于广大学习者来说,拿到英语阅读(二)新的教材,接触到一门新的课程,心中不免有些困惑:这门课程的特点是什么;设置这门课程的目的何在;在考试中主要考查哪些能力;更重要的是,在学习过程中,我们应该注重哪些方面知识的习得,以便在课程结束时能完成一个量的积累,从而在考试中能有突出的表现,在今后的学习中能够实现更高的质的飞跃。这些问题,在一些英语阅读(二)的配套题解中,已经有所涉猎,本篇文章主要是对一些配套题解的补充、说明,并提出一些新的、更具有实践意义的见解。
二、课程介绍
作为高等教育自学考试英语专业基础阶段的一门必考课程,英语阅读(二)中的文章选材涵盖了健康、教育、心理、体育、太空、贸易、信息技术、犯罪等话题,可谓选材广泛、内容丰富。本课程以其选材新颖、主题与时俱进、话题引人入胜、问题发人深省等特点,深深吸引着广大学习者,具有很强的可读性。该课程旨在通过提供给学习者大量的阅读素材,来扩大其知识面、丰富其词汇量,提高其阅读技巧,增强其理解能力,并期待学习者在对于篇章、段落结构的把握能力和对于文章的分析、归纳能力方面,都有较大提高。
鉴于此,本课程考试题型设置也着重强调学习者对语言的实际把握和运用方面。根据全国2008年10月高等教育自学考试英语阅读(二)试题可知,英语阅读(二)考试主要分如下几个方面:
I. Reading Comprehension. (50 points, 2 points for each)—— Directions: In this part of the test, there are five passages. Following each passage, there are five questions with four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and then write the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet. 阅读理解,主要除文史类题材以外的文章,共5篇,其中一篇来自教材(2008年10月考试Passage One源于课本71页Text 8 Never Be Nervous Again),其他4篇均源于课外。长度约为400字左右,难度与课本中的文章难度相当。
II. Vocabulary. (10 points, 1 point for each)——Directions: Scan the following passage and find the words which have roughly the same meanings as those given below. The number in the brackets after each word definition refers to the number of paragraph in which the target word is. Write the word you choose on your Answer Sheet. 要求根据语境,在文中找出与题目中所给单词或短语的意义的词汇。做题时要求兼顾词义、词性、时态、单复数等因素。
III. Summarization. (20 points, 2 points for each)——Directions: In this section of the test, there are ten paragraphs. Each of the paragraph is followed by an incomplete phrase or sentence which summarizes the main idea of the paragraph. Spell out the missing letters of the word on your Answer Sheet.
IV. Translation. (20 points, 4 points for each)——Directions: In the following passage, there are five groups of underlined sentences. Read the passage carefully and then translate these sentences into Chinese. Write the Chinese version on your Answer Sheet.
针对考试中所考查的学习者知识层面,笔者根据自己多年的英语阅读(二)得教学经验,主要从词汇量的扩大、篇章结构的划分和篇章意义的理解三个方面提出了一些学习建议。
三、学习三步走
(一)过词汇关
词汇,是英语学习过程中的拦路虎,也是一块敲门砖;它是万丈高楼平地起时,建筑中所不可或缺的砖瓦。对于阅读中的任何一个考试题型来讲,对词汇量的要求是必不可少的,因此, 扩大词汇量对于广大考生来说是一项艰巨的、刻不容缓的任务。然而,词汇量的扩大,对于许多英语学习者,都是一个伤脑筋的问题:有的学习者手捧生词表,背诵了大量的单词,却发现在文章中还是一知半解,不得其用;有的学习者,尝试阅读大量的英文材料,以提高词汇量,却发现,所读的材料要么过于简单,词汇量有限,要么很难,很枯燥,读来理解都味同嚼蜡,更不必说再通过阅读材料扩大词汇量了。此部分主要针对学习者在扩大词汇量的过程中,所遇到的普遍问题,进行对症下药,为广大学习者提供几种行之有效的扩大词汇量的方法,以期为广大考生排忧解难,答疑解惑。
1、词缀法
词缀法也称之为派生法,是指词干通过添加或变换词缀而构成新词的方法。它包括前缀、后缀或两者兼用,而构成新词的方法,如careful(细心的),careless(粗心的),unhorse(把……拉下马)等。著名词汇学家Pyles 和Angelo(1982)调查研究表明,英语所产生的词汇中,有30%-40%是通过词缀法产生的。词缀法,根据词干上所附加的词缀的位置不同,主要分为前缀法和后缀法。利用词缀法扩大词汇量的优势在于:学习者在已经具备一定得词汇量的前提下,可以根据自己已有的词汇知识,温故知新、前后衔接。下面是以英语阅读(二)课文中的一些重要的词汇为例,向各位阐述词缀法记单词。
前缀法:
(1)课本第6页:前缀 under + estimate(估计)=低估(realize how large or great it is or will be),与这类构词相同的还有overestimate(高估); load装载,unload卸下,download下载,upload上传,overload超载等。
(2)课本第21页:前缀out + live(活)=比……活得长久(live longer than sb.); 与这类构词相同的还有outlook(展望、看法),output(产品、产量),outgrow(太大而合适),outlast(较……耐久),outrun(跑得比……快),outwit(以智取胜)等。
(3)课本第36页:否定前缀 im + balance(平衡)= not the same size, or are not the right size in proportion to each other; 与这类构词相同的还有:ingratitude(忘恩负义),illiterate(不识字的),illogical(不合逻辑的),immature(不成熟的),impossible(不可能的);inaccessible(不能达到的), incessant(不断的);irrelevant(不切题的)等。
(4)课本第72页:前缀dis + comfort(舒适)=不舒服(painful feeling in part of one’s body); 课本第104页:前缀dis + advantage(优势,有点)=劣势,缺点(a factor which makes someone or something less useful, acceptable, or successful than other people or things); 课本第244页:前缀dis + courage(勇气)=使……泄气(cause sb to lose one’s enthusiasm about one’s actions)。与这类构词相同的词汇还有:discrepancy(矛盾、不一致),disrepair(破损、失修),discredit(不相信),disintegrate(瓦解、崩溃),dissent(不同意);distract(分散、转移),discontent(不同意)等。
(5)课本第116页:前缀mono + polize(控制)=垄断(have a very large share of it and prevent other people from having a share); 与这类构词法相同的单词还有:monopoly(垄断),monologue(独白),monotonous(单调的)等。
(6)课本第221页:前缀inter + college(学校)=校际的(involving or related to more than one college or university); 与这类构词法相同的词汇还有:international(国际的),interpersonal(人际的),interlude(插曲),intermission(休息时间、中止),intervene(干涉、调停),interurban(城市、城镇间的)等。
(7)课本第257页:前缀pre + historic(历史的)=史前的(people and things existed at a time before information was written down);与这类构词法相同的词汇有:preview(试演、试片),precede(在……之前),presume(假定、推测),premature(未成熟的)等。
(8)课本第257页:否定前缀un + challenged(挑战的)=毫无疑问的(without asking questions about whether it is right or wrong);与这类构词法相同的词汇还有:unconcern(毫不在乎),unabridged(未加删减的),unbiased(无偏见的,公平的),unacceptable(不可接受的),unable(不能的,没有能力的)等。
(9)课本第362页:前缀hyper + media(媒体)=超媒体(hypertext and hypermedia linking and style sheet specifications);相类似的构词还有:hyperactivity(多动症),hypercritical(吹毛求疵的),hypermarket(超市);hypersensitive(过敏的)等。
后缀法:
(1)课本第4页:instinct + -ive(形容词后缀)+ -ly(副词后缀)=本能地(feeling, idea, or action is one that sb has or does without thinking or reasoning.);nutrition + -al(形容词后缀)+-ly(副词后缀)=从营养学的角度;与这类词构词法相同的词汇还有:carefully(细心地),carelessly(粗心地),intuitively(本能地)等。
(2)课本第10页:industry + -ial(形容词后缀)+-ize(动词后缀)+-ed(形容词后缀)=工业化地(an area or place is one which has a lot of industries);这一类词汇还有:modernize(现代化),civilize(使开化、使文明化),generalize(概括),organize(组织),specialize(专门研究),symbolize(象征),utilize(使用);victimize(使牺牲、使受害)等。
(3)课本第44页:harmoni + -ous(形容词后缀)=和谐的(friendly and peaceful); 与这类词构词法相同的词汇还有:envious(嫉妒的、羡慕的),furious(狂怒的),glorious(光荣的、辉煌的),industrious(勤勉的),laborious(费力的,勤劳的),perilous(冒险的),righteous(公正的),spacious(宽敞的)tremendous(大的)等。
(4)课本第65页:optimist + -ic(形容词后缀)=乐观的(hopeful about the future or the success of something in particular);课本第72页:sympathy + -ic(形容词后缀)=同情的(be kind and warm-hearted to someone who is in a bad situation, sb is kind to them and show that he understands their feelings.);与这类词构词法相同的词汇还有:academic(学术的,学院的),athletic(运动的,强健的),diplomatic(外交的),domestic(国内的),emphatic(强调的)等。
(5)课本第330页:vulnerable + -ity(名词后缀)=易碎的、脆弱的(Someone is weak and without protection, with the result that they are easily hurt physically or emotionally.); 与这类词构词法相同的词汇还有:disability(残疾),capability(能力),flexibility(灵活),hospitality(热情、好客),availability(可得性),changeability(多变性)等。
(6)课本第400页:predecessor=前任者(the person who had your job or position before you);与这类词构词法相同的词汇还有:ambassador(大使、使节),conqueror(征服者),counselor(顾问),inspector(检察官),neighbor(邻居),successor(后任者),tailor(裁缝),tutor(家庭教师),governor(统治者、总督)等。
前缀法+后缀法:
(1)课本第6页:否定前缀in- + discriminate + -ly(附词后缀)=不加区分地(not critical of sth because it does not involve any careful thought or choice);与这类词构词法相同的词汇还有:invariably(不变地), incessantly(稳定地),unsteadily(不稳健地)等。
(2)课本第36页:否定前缀un- + precede + -ent(名词后缀) + -ed(形容词后缀)=前无先例的(sth that has never happened before); 与这类词构词法相同的词汇还有:unsatisfied(不满意的),uninterested(不感兴趣的),ungifted(没有天赋的),untalented(没有才能的)等。
(3)课本第204页:否定前缀un- + mistake + -able(形容词后缀)=不会弄错的(cannot be mistaken for anything else); 课本第280页:否定前缀im- + measure + -able(形容词后缀)=大量的(sth that is quite great);课本第183页:否定前缀in- + comprehens + -ible形容词后缀=难以理解的(sth impossible to understand);课本第398 页:否定前缀in- + evit + -able(形容词后缀)=不可避免的(sth that is certain to happen and cannot be prevented or avoided);与这类词构词法相同的词汇还有:unshakable(毫不动摇的),incapable(没有能力的),unavailable(不能利用的,不可获得的),innumerable(无数的),inaccessible(不可使用的),unreasonable(不合理的),interminable(无终止的),incredible(难以置信的),unforgettable(令人难忘的),等。
(4)课本第209页:前缀de- + grade + -tion(名词后缀)=堕落、降解、退化(a situation, condition, or experience which you consider shameful and disgusting, especially one which involves poverty or immorality); 与这类词构词法相同的词汇还有:decivilisation(非文明化),decolonization(去殖民地化),deforestation(伐木,毁掉森林),deformation(变形,畸形),degeneration(堕落、恶化、衰败),dehumanization(失去人性),dehydration(脱水,去水)等。
(5)课本第210页: 前缀pre- + empt + -ive-(形容词后缀)+ -ly(副词后缀)=预先采取行动的,先发制人的(an attack or strike intended to weaken or damage an enemy or opponent, for example by destroying their weapons before they can do any harm); 课本第345页:否定前缀un- + ethic + -al(形容词后缀)=无原则的(someone’s behavior is wrong and unacceptable according to a society’s rules or people’s beliefs);与这类词构词法相同的词汇还有:unreasonably(不合理地),unsatisfactorily(不令人满意地),unsteadily(不稳定地),unceasingly(持续不断地,不停地),unanimously(一致同意地)unconsciously(无意识地),uncritically(不加指责地),undeniably(不可争辩的,不可否认的)等。
2、词根法
词根是一个单词的核心部分,它表示单词的基本词义。从词根我们可以变化出一个词语的不同变化。使用词根法记忆单词,有助于学习者把许多以前认为毫无联系的单词联系在一起。使许许多多本来孤立的零星的词汇联系起来,由点及面,进行系统记忆。
(1)课本第22页:在infection中,词根fect =to make,to do (做,为);由这类词根所产生的单词还有:affect,影响、感动(affection,名词;affectionate,形容词);defect,过失、缺点(defection,名词);effect,效果、效力(effective,形容词;effectual,形容词); infect,感染(infection,名词;infectious,形容词);prefect,完美无缺的;改进、改良、完成(perfection,名词;imperfect,形容词)等等。
(2)课本第72页:在deflect中,词根flect,flex=to bend(弯曲); 由这类词根所产生的单词还有:deflection(名词);inflect,使弯曲,使曲折(inflexion=inflection,名词;inflective,形容词);flexible,灵活的(flexibility,名词)等。
(3)课本第116页:在transformation中,词根form=to form(形成;形状); 由这类词根所产生的单词还有:form,形状,外貌,形式;构成、变成、组织(formal,形容词;formality,名词;formalism,名词;formation,名词)conform,使适合、使顺从(confirmation,名词;conformist,名词;conformity,名词);deform,使不成形,使残废(deformity,名词);inform,通知,告发(information,名词;informative,形容词;informed,形容词);perform,做,表演(performance,名词;performer,名词);reform,改造、改革(reformation,名词;reformer,名词;reformatory,形容词);uniform,一律的,制服(uniformity,名词)等。
(4)课本第131页:在emission中,词根miss,mit=to send(送),to throw(投、掷); 由这类词根所产生的单词还有:admit,允许、承认(admission,名词);commit,委托,犯……罪(commission,名词;committee,名词;);intermit,间歇、中断(intermission,名词;intermittent,形容词);omit,遗漏、省略(omission,名词;omissible,形容词;omissive,形容词);permit,许可(permission,名词);submit,使服从、使降服,提出、建议(submission,名词;submissive,形容词);transmit,传达、传送(transmission,名词)等。
(5)课本第131页:在resistant中,词根sist=to stand(站立); 这类词根所产生的单词还有:assist,出席、帮助(assistant,名词/形容词;assistance,名词);consist,组成、包括(consistent,形容词;consistence,名词);exist,存在、存活(existence,名词;existent,形容词);insist,坚持(insistence,名词;insistent,形容词);persist,坚持、固执(persistence,名词;persistent,形容词)等。
(6)课本第184页:在inspection中,词根spect=to see, to look(看见); 这类词根所产生的单词还有:expect,预期、期待(expectation,名词;expectant,形容词);inspect,检阅、检察(inspection,名词;inspector,名词);introspect,内省;perspective,前景、前途;观点;prospect,期待,景色,眺望(prospective,形容词);respect,尊敬、重视(respectful,形容词;respectable,形容词);suspect,猜想,怀疑(suspicion,名词;suspicious,形容词)等。
(7)课本第211页:在unilateralism中,词根later=side(侧面); 这类词根所产生的单词还有:lateral,侧面的,旁边的;bilateral,两边的,互惠的(bilateralism,名词);unilateral,单边的,片面的;multilateral,多边的,多国参加的;quadrilateral,四边形的,等等。
(8)课本第214页:在denounce中,词根nounce=report(报告)这类词根所产生的单词还有:announce,宣布、发表、通知(announcement,名词);pronounce,发音(pronunciation,名词);renounce,放弃、否认(renouncement,名词)等。
(9)课本第259页,在supervise中,词根vis=to see(看见),这类词根所产生的单词还有:vision,梦想,视力(visionary,形容词;visible,形容词,visit,名词/动词);advise,建议,忠告(advice,名词);revise,校订、修订(revision,名词);televise,用电视广播、播映(television,名词);interview,面谈、面试、访问(interviewer,名词;interviewee,名词)等。
(10)课本第279页,在press中,词根press=to press(压),这类词根所产生的单词还有:pressing,急迫的;pressure,压力;compress,压缩,镇压(compression,名词;compressor,名词;compressible,形容词);depress,压下,使沮丧(depression,名词;depressed,形容词;depressing,形容词);express,表达,挤出,快递(expression,名词;expressive,形容词);impress,使印象深刻(impression,名词;impressive,形容词);oppress,压迫、压抑(oppression,名词;oppressive,形容词)repress,镇压、压制(repression,名词;repressive,形容词);suppress,压制,隐瞒(suppression,名词;suppressive,形容词)等。
(11)课本第345页,在accredit中,词根cred=to believe(相信),这类词根所产生的单词还有: credit,信用,学分;credible,可信的,可靠的;credulous,轻信别人的;accredit, 誉为,归功于(accreditable,形容词;accreditation,名词)等。
(12)课本第399页,在dissuade中,词根suade=to advise(忠告、劝告),这类词根所产生的单词还有:suasion,劝说,劝诱(suasive,形容词);dissuade,劝阻,劝止(dissuasion,名词;dissuasive,形容词);persuade,劝说,说服(persuasion,名词;persuasive,形容词)等。
3、关系法
关系法是笔者在教学过程中自创的一个定义,即通过整理某一个单词的同义词、近义词,具有相同或相近意义的词汇集中在一起,加以理解、背诵。利用关系法记单词,有助于帮助学习者把不同英文课程的英语知识联系在一起。
(1)课本第44页,abandon,动词,抛弃、扔弃;与它意义相同或相近的单词或短语还有:desert,discard,forsake,give up,throw away,dispose of,cast away等。
(2)课本第52页,peaceful,形容词,和平的,平静的,宁谧的;与它意义相同或相近的单词或短语还有:quite, calm,placid,tranquil等。
(3)课本第65页,optimistic,形容词,乐观的;optimism,名词,乐观主义;optimist,名词,乐观主义者;所对应的反义词是:pessimistic,形容词,悲观的;pessimism,名词,悲观主义;pessimist,名词,悲观主义者。
(4)课本第116页,rivalry,名词,竞争、竞赛、敌对; 与它意义相同或相近的单词或短语还有:compete,strife,warfare,contest,game,race,event,antagonize, hostility,opposition等。
(5)课本第199页,assume the responsibility,承担责任;与它意义相同或相近的短语还有:bear/shoulder/undertake/take on the responsibility of…;be in charge of…,take charge of…等等。
(6)课本第222页,be inclined to do sth,倾向于做……;与它意义相同或相近的短语还有:be prone/likely/liable/apt to do sth;have the tendency/inclination to do sth等等。
(7)课本第240页,sticky,形容词,粘的,粘性的;stick to,坚持、遵守;与stick to,坚持、遵守意义相同或相近的短语还有:hold on to,cling to,conform to,abide by,adhere to,stand to,observe, follow,comply等等。
(8)课本第246页,utility,名词,公共事业设施;意义相同或相近的单词或短语还有:instrument,appliance, utensil, facility, apparatus, equipment等等。
(9)课本256页,preservation,名词,保存; 意义相同或相近的单词或短语还有:save,conservation,hold,keep,remain,reserve等等。
(10)课本第278页,view… as…,把……看作/当作是……;被动用作:be viewed/seen/treated/ considered/perceived/regarded /esteemed/thought of/looked upon as/to be…等等。
(11)课本第278页,turn out=produce;manufacture; 与turn相关的单词或者短语还有:turn in上交;turn out生产,结果是/原来是……;turn on打开;turn off关上;turn up,现身、把声音调大;turn down拒绝,把声音调小;turn around,转身;turn to,转向……,向……求助,翻到第……页,turn aside避开;turn a deaf ear to sth.对……充耳不闻;turn a blind eye to sth.对……视而不见;turn over a new leaf,翻开新的一页/改头换面,重新做人。
(12)课本第342页,complex,复杂的;意义相同或相近的单词还有:complicated,intricate,perplexing,elaborated等等。
(二)过篇章结构关
鉴于在考试中,有部分题型是考查的课本中的文章,对于文章的熟悉掌握是必要的。但课本文章数量大,所涉及的话题广泛,给学习者带来不少困难。建议在学习时,除了掌握文章中所出现的词汇以外,还要注重对篇章结构框架的理解,做一个学习上的有心人,能够在理解文章的前提下,做到如下几点:确定文章题材;对段落大意进行及时归纳;对文章的结构加以划分。
1、确定文章题材
英语阅读(二)36篇文章中,题材多样:较为典型的以记叙文(narration)为题材的文章有Text 18 An African Pet,Text 21 Me,Stephen William Hawking等,这种文章以以叙述为主要表达方式,以写人物的经历和事物发展变化为主要内容;绝大多数符合记叙文的六要素:when,where,who,what,why,how;了解了记叙文的特点,学习者在理解文章脉络时,才能够有的放矢、出奇制胜。议论文是对某个问题或某件事进行分析、评论,表明自己的观点、立场、态度、看法和主张的一种文体。
课本绝大多数文章属于说明文,以说明为主要表达方式来解说事物、阐明事理而给人知识的文章体裁。它通过揭示概念来说明事物特征、本质及其规律性。说明过程中,主要采取举例子、列数字、下定义、引用权威机构或权威人物的研究调查结果等。文章中较为典型的文章有Text 1 Do We Need Extra Vitamins,Text 2 Women and Tobacco,Text 5 Pollution is a Dirty Word等等。
应用文指日常生活或工作中经常应用的调查报告就职演说、工作培训等,是我们在真实的社会实践活动中形成的一种特定的文体,是我们传递信息、处理事务、交流感情的工具。课本中这一类的文章有Text 9 Hey,I’m the Customer,Text 19 Bill Clinton’s Inaugural Address,Text 28 Juvenile Crime—Outlook for California等。
2、进行段落归纳
英语阅读(二)中,有些文章,已经段落层次较为清晰,如课文Text 3 Are These the Best Years of Your Life,Text 10 How to Camp Out,Text 11 Body Image等等。在这里主要讨论的是英语阅读(二)中一种典型的段落结构特征,就是一个中心句和数个支撑细节。主题句(topic sentence)是表达段落主题的句子。它用以概括段落大意,要求全段其它文字都围绕它展开。请看下例:这种结构在英语阅读(二)的许多文章中经常可以见到。中心句通常出现在段首,有时也可放在段落末尾或中间。建议学习者在学习时,多加总结、归纳。例如:
(1)课文Text 5 Pollution is a Dirty Word中,第6段:Part of the problem is our exploding population. More and more people produce more wastes. But this problem is intensified by our“throw-away”technology. Each year Americans dispose of 7 million autos, 20 million tons of waste paper plates. It is easier and cheaper to buy a new one and discard the old, even though 95 percent of its parts may still be functioning. Baby’s diapers, which used to be made of reusable cloth, are now paper throwaways. Soon we will wear clothing made of paper: “Wear it once and throw it away,” will be the slogan of the fashion conscious. 该段落中的中心句位于句首,首句中提出了引起污染的原因之一就是“our exploding population”指的是什么?展开句中通过6个 支持句逐一阐述由于人口过多所造成的细节性污染现象。从结构来看,这是一个比较典型的段落,它包括了主题句,推展句。对该段落进行概括总结时可以采用单句总结段落,根据首字母填空的方式,如:The Problem is partly due to our e___________ population. 答案当然就是:exploding。
(2)课文Text 4 Our Disappearing Wildlife中,第一段:Animal life first appeared on the earth about 400 million years ago. Through the passing millennia, thousands of animal species have come and gone. Until recently, this process was gradual, the result of change in climate, in habitat, or in the genes of the animals themselves, but the tremendous expansion of modern civilization now threatens to upset the natural balance, putting unprecedented pressure on the survival of our wildlife. 和其它段落展开方式不同,该段落中的中心句不在句首。直到读到段落最后时,才发现“the tremendous expansion of modern civilization now threatens to upset the natural balance”是中心句。如果对该段落进行概括总结时可以采用单句总结段落,根据首字母填空的方式,如:The t_____________ expansion of modern civilization now menaces the natural balance. 答案tremendous在段落中一目了然。用另一种方式归纳总结:The t_____________ expanded modern civilization currently endangers the natural balance. 答案就应当适当调整为:tremendously。
(3)课文Text 3 Are These the Best Years of Your Life中,第一段:The ups and downs of life may seem to have no predictable plan. But scientists now know there are very definite life patterns that almost all people share. Today, when we live 20 years longer than our great-grandparents, and when women mysteriously outlive men by seven years, it is clearer than ever that the“game of life”is really a game of trade-offs. As we age, we trade strength for ingenuity, speed for thoroughness, and passion for reason. These exchanges may not always seem fair, but at every age, there are some advantages. So it is reassuring to note that even if you’ve passed some of your “prime”, you still have other prime years to experience in the future. Certain important primes seem to peak later in time. 本段的中心句隐藏在段落的中间,需要在理解整段之后,加以概括:“game of life”is really a game of trade-offs,and you still have other prime years to experience in the future。使用summarization的方法,可以改写成“game of life”is really a game of t________,and you still have other prime years to experience in the future。答案是trade-offs。或者换另外的表达方式“game of life”is really a game of e_________,and you still have other prime years to experience in the future。答案是exchange。“game of life”is really a game of s_________,and you still have other prime years to experience in the future。答案是swap。
3、划分文章结构
清晰、条理地划分文章结构,有助于学习者对文章内容的理解。以课文Text16 Animals Education 为例:首先,文章的第一部分是第一段,首句“Animals perform many useful and entertaining jobs.”是中心句,展开句中通过dogs,horses,pigeons三个例子作为支撑细节,段落的最后一句“People realize that, although animals may not have the same intelligence as human beings, they are smart enough to learn certain things.”是本段的结论句。
其次,文章第二部分由第二段到第十二段组成,主要针对dogs,horses,pigeons以及一些其它动物的训练。文章的结构层次较为清晰、明了。
以Text 4 Our Disappearing Wildlife为例:根据文章段落意义,文章主要划分为三部分:第一,文章第一段,主要通过古(through the passing millennia)今(now)对比,阐述自然平衡受到破坏的原因:除change in climate, in habitat, or in the genes of the animals themselves,以外,还有更重要的the tremendous expansion of modern civilization。第二,文章第二段到第九段,其中第二段首句“This imbalance can be traced to many causes.”是该段中心句,紧接着指出了几种原因“the greed and poor planning of man himself”,increase in man’s population”,“the smaller wilderness areas”,“the use of pesticides”,“water pollution”,“hunting”,“farmers”,段落最后用“As a result of this unrelenting pressure, our wildlife is disappearing at the rate of one species or subspecies per years.”作为结论句,与本段第一句话首尾呼应;第三段侧重North America所存在的现象;第四、五段是the first European settlers所做的一切:为“protect their livestock”,由于“fears and superstitions concerning predators”;第六段中心句是动物的作用“has its place in nature’s grand design”;第七、八段是介绍的是“trapping and hunting”和“over-hunting”;第九段主要介绍的是“pesticides”所造成的危害。第三,文章的第十段,与文章的第一段前后呼应、照应主题。
(三)理解语义
1、词汇意义关
前文所介绍的词汇部分,主要从扩大词汇量、理解词义的角度。但是,我们知道,英语的词义不是一层不变的,学习者往往会遇到这样一种情况,文章中某些单词,单单从词典所提供的意义角度,一对一的赋予词义,或者经行孤立的理解,都是不够的。这就需要我们跳出词汇字面意义本身,从上下文的角度加以理解。下面对词汇意义的类型加以简单介绍。
(1)概念意义:指词典中给出的意义,构成词义的核心。如wild,在词典中解释为“(of animals,birds,etc)that normally live in natural conditions,not tamed or domesticated”(指动物、鸟类等)野生的、野的、未驯化的。概念意义相对稳定,是思想交流的基础,同一个词对于将同一门语言的人来说,其概念意义是一样的。
(2)关联意义:指附加在概念意义上的次要意义。关联意义与概念意义的主要差别在于关联意义的随机性和多变性。关联意义易受文化、经理、宗教、地理区域、阶级成分、教育等方面因素的影响。关联意义包括四类:内涵意义、文体意义、感情意义和搭配意义(Leech,1981)。由于篇章关系,在此不加详述。如在“Wild differences of innate intelligence and temperament exist even in children of the same family.”一句中,wild相当于great,substantial,considerable“,较大的,巨大的”。
在英语阅读(二)中,也存在诸如此类的词汇,在上下文中失去了其固有的概念意义。如:在课文Text 19 Bill Clinton’s Inaugural Address,第32段中,“While America rebuilds at home, we will not shrink from the challenges, nor fail to seize the opportunities, of this new world.”shrink原指“cause sth to become smaller, esp. because of moisture, or heat, or cold”,而在“shrink from the challenges”中,表示“move back or withdraw from sth, esp. through fear”,译为“面对挑战,退缩不前”;fail表示“be unsuccessful in sth”,而在“fail to seize the opportunities”中,表示“be unable to make good use of the opportunities, thus to let it slip”,译为“坐失良机”。
在课本第90页,有这样一句话“Much is being done to confront this huge public-health crisis as judges increasingly sentence drunk drivers and other alcohol-related offenders to treatment programs and participation in Alcoholics Anonymous.”, confront愿意为“make sb face or consider sb/sth unpleasant, difficult, etc.”,但在“to confront this huge public-health crisis”中,表示“deal with; cope with; do with; manage; handle; tackle”;同样,huge不是表示“very large in size or amount, enormous”,而是表示“serious, great”,译为“应对这一严重的公众健康危机”。在“sentence … to treatment programs and participation in Alcoholics Anonymous”中,sentence愿意为“state that sb is to have a certain punishment”,而在此句中,宾语是“treatment programs and participation in Alcoholics Anonymous”若把sentence译为“判决、宣判”语气太过严重,建议译成“裁定罪酒司机和其他违反饮酒规定的人参加治疗计划和戒酒匿名会(嗜酒者互诫协会,又名戒酒匿名会(Alcoholic Anonymous,以下简称AA),1935年6月10日创建于美国,美国退役大兵比尔和鲍伯医生是协会的共同创始人。嗜酒互诫协会是一个人人同舟共济的团体,所有成员通过相互交流经验、相互支持和相互鼓励而协起手来,解决他们共同存在的问题,并帮助更多的人从嗜酒中毒中解脱出来。)”
2、短句意义
文章中有许多短句,结构简单、词汇意义浅显,但理解起来,难度却很大。这就要求学习者深刻理解上下文,并用准确、恰当的汉语表达出来。如课本Text 18 An African Pet,第八段中,“He soon began to be a great thief”,He指上文中的小猿猴,如果是把thief直接翻译成小偷,并不恰当,这时候,采取此行转译的方式,把thief名词处理成动词,会好一些,译成“他很快开始偷东西了。”
课本Text 19 Bill Clinton’s Inaugural Address,第22段中,有一个短句“We can do no less.”这是一个省略句,根据与语境,可以补全为“We can do no less than our founders.”,而no less than意为“as much as…,不少于……,多达……”,如果翻译成“我们要和先辈们做的一样多”听起来有失通顺,试译成“我们要效仿他们”会不会听来通顺许多呢?
3、长句意义
英语阅读(二)中不乏难句、长句,学习者在理解时相当困难。笔者建议,学习、理解长句的关键是分析句子结构,清楚句子的组句类型:简单句、并列句、复合句,理清句子的主要框架。课本Text 10 Women and Tobacco,第二段中“A recent WHO consultation on the statistical aspects of tobacco-related mortality concluded that the toll that can be attributed to smoking throughout the world is 2.7 million deaths per year.”句子的主框架是:
A consultation concluded that…(主句是一个主语+谓语+宾语的句子)
(that宾语从句)the toll is 2.7 million deaths(主语+系动词+表语)
the toll that can be attributed to…是一个由关系代词that引导的主语+谓语+宾语结构的定语从句,修饰先行词the toll,在定语从句中作主语。
课本Text 26 The Information Age Has Improved Everybody Life,第一段中“Today,there’s scarcely an aspect of our life that isn’t being upended by the torrent of information available on the hundreds of millions of sites crowding the Internet, not to mention its ability to keep us in constant touch with each other via electronic mail.”句子框架分析如下:
there’s scarcely an aspect of our life…(there be句型作主句)
aspect that isn’t being upended by the torrent of information(that引导的定语从句修饰先行词aspect,that在从句中作主语)(注:that定语从句和there be主句构成一个双重否定结构,表示肯定)
not to mention…(=let alone=without considering不必说,更不用说。用来表示递进关系)
笔者认为,用这种方法,分析句子结构,可以让学习者清晰、明了的理清句子结构框架,有助于学习者遇到长句时,不再产生畏难情绪。
本文主要从词汇、篇章结构、篇章意义的角度,对英语阅读(二)这门课程加以解析;写作过程中,难免有笔者主观判断和稍欠恰当之初,敬请专家、及读者不吝指出,笔者必虚心改进。该文章在写作过程中,参考了英语阅读(二)考试大纲词根词典,突破词汇,英语词汇学,牛津高阶词典等,在此一并表示我的诚挚谢意。
posted on 2009-07-10 09:48
helenyjx 阅读(245)
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