来源:环球雅思网
www.ielts.com.cn 以前在大学里正好选修过cognitive psychology(国内应该叫认知心理学),明年或后年再回北美读Master's,我想要修的也正是cognitive psychology。所以对我来说,8/13这样的题目是right up my alley,或者It was my forte.或者干脆说It was just a cinch. :)
这道题从结构上看是典型的argumentation+report类题目,在欧洲考过。此类argumentation+report题型去年在亚洲考得很少。其实在剑桥3中已经预示过它的出现,今年在亚洲便出现了4次:
第一次:
We can get knowledge from news. But some people think we should not trust the journalists. What do you think? And What do u think are the important qualities that a journalist should have? (1/8)
Many people are optimistic about the 21st century and see it as an opportunity to make positive changes to the world. To what extent do you agree or disagree with their optimism? What changes would you like to be made in the new century? (5/21)
Many people say that we have developed into a “throw-away society”, because we are filling up our environment with so many plastic bags and rubbish that we cannot fully dispose of. To want extent do you agree with this opinion and what measures can you recommend to reduce this problem?(8/6)
加上8/13的这道题是第4次。这种题基本结构通常是写四段:
introductory paragraph+ argumentation +report+ concluding paragraph
开头段+辩论+分析+结尾段
不过因为8/13的题目的辩论部分比前三道题要更复杂一点,所以我们可以把结构稍微改一下,采用折衷式写法,中间两个主体段分别讲先天和后天对犯罪倾向的影响,主体段1讲先天因素对犯罪倾向确实有影响,主体段第二段讲小孩在三岁以后收到的家庭,学校,社区以及社会的影响对犯罪倾向才是决定因素,结尾段再写解决办法,这样问题能辩论得更清晰。因为我对这个话题比较熟悉,而且写的时候是在青岛海边,有感而发,不知不觉就写得很长了。不过结构(thesis statement,topics sentences)还是按照雅思的套路,用词多数也限制在我为同学总结的常用300词以内。
Many scientists believe that now we can study the behavior of a three-year-old child to see whether they will grow up to be criminals. To what extent to you think the human nature produces crime? And how can we prevent the children from growing up to be criminals?
In this day and age, the phenomenal advances in behavioral genetics have generated a plethora of evidence backing up the mythical existence of “human nature”, thereby inducing many scientists to argue that now we can, by way of behavioral research, ascertain whether a toddler is bound to transgress the law in his/her later life at the tender age of three. Underlying this assertion is the assumption that the environment an individual grows up in does not constitute a determining factor in the formation of his/her personality, dispositions or inclinations, and in particular aggression, poor stress-management, impulsivity and risk-taking profiles. Personally, I agree with their assertion inasmuch as some negative human traits are heritable, which in turn, may mean some people are genetically predisposed to criminal acts. Yet I differ with these scientists in that I do not deem a individual ’s genetic makeup the exclusive or chief determinant of his/her criminal tendency. And I detest any attempt to predict young children’s probability of committing crimes in their future lives by merely studying their behavior at an early age.
Granted, empirical evidence abounds that some unfavorable character traits can be hereditary. Time-honored proverbs such as “Boys will be boys. ”,”It runs in the family .”and “Like father, like son. ”aptly illustrate that some characteristic human behaviors are due to genetic impulses and may be beyond voluntary control. And in recent decades, successions of psychological experiments have confirmed that many vicious human attributes and preferences such as rage, alcoholism, substance addiction, deviant sexual orientation and aggression, can often be linked to the programming of one’s DNA . It seems that there really is such a thing like bequeathed “ criminal human nature” within some of us.
However, these scientists fail to acknowledge that the environment an individual grows up in plays a much more pivotal role in the molding or undoing of one’s behavioral tendency .For instance , we are all too familiar with the real-life rags-to-riches stories about how sound parenting by nurturing and sensible mothers paved the way for the glorious future success of their offspring, who supposedly had “evil genes” passed down from alcoholic and wife-bashing fathers. Moreover ,it is generally recognized that adolescents who have been reared in crime-ridden neighborhoods are much more prone to crime than their safe-neighborhood counterparts, even if their parents do not have any criminal record. This also lends credence to the belief that influence from the environment prevails over inborn predispositions in the shaping of individual criminal tendency. Likewise, the manifest correlation between the proliferation of violent scenes in video games and the rocketing incidence of juvenile delinquency suggests that even if children do not inherit “violent” genes , sustained exposure to blood and guts can render them more crime-prone. Furthermore, evidence resulting from identical-twin and adoption studies has repeatedly verified that : (1) even when two kids have strikingly similar genetic makeups , if brought up in dissimilar environments, they will end up with substantially different behavioral tendencies owing to the habituating influence from distinct environments ;(2)adopted-away children have more in common with their adoptive parents than their biological parents with reference to behavioral tendencies. Mounting evidence like this affords very compelling backing for the view that life experience outweighs genetic programming in the shaping of one’s overall personality , whereof criminal tendency may be a component .Thus ,when it comes to the issue of “criminal human nature”, I would like to contend even if it does exist, it must be paradoxically protean, malleable and principally determined by one’s cumulative life experience in one’s intermediate and late childhood, when his/her faculties and cognitive abilities have been sufficiently developed for him/her to participate in interactive activities voluntarily, and also in one’s subsequent adulthood. Lastly ,behavioral genetics is not an exacting science at this point. It is still in its infancy and has been open to debate ever since its inception. Hence, it would be utterly inappropriate if we proclaim prematurely whether a three-year-old will be an offender in the future on the basis of some shaky behavioral study.
To conclude, although we should not discount the role genetic constitution plays in the formation of individual personality in general and criminal tendency in particular, it is unadvisable to suggest that genetics outbalances one’s upbringing and other life experience in this regard .More often than not ,a host of reasons can be cited when an offense is perpetrated, such as poverty , homelessness , drug abuse ,pernicious influence from the media and so forth. And since at this stage there are no technologically feasible and ethically sound means of engineering away the “criminal genes ”in sight yet, what we should underscore most must be to create more wholesome societal, communal and familial environments for children to grow up in. Propagation of sound parenting ,crackdown on domestic violence, more stringent censorship of gruesome violence and gratuitous sex in the movies and TV shows, poverty alleviation, promotion of compulsory education for school-age children and rolling back of the overall crime rate in society are all conducive to such environments. And with respect to the identification of criminal tendency, any attempt to determine the future criminal tendency of a toddler would be fundamentally presumptuous and would unjustifiably stigmatize or even criminalize many innocent children who would be raised and educated to be law-abiding citizens and consequently, jeopardize the criminal justice system.