This how ethanol is currently produced. In the case of sugarcane, it's first crushed. The juice is cleaned of impurities then taken to the distillery where yeast is added to consume the sugar in the juice.
现在，乙醇是这样制成的。如果原料是甘蔗，先要榨出甘蔗汁，把其中的杂质清除，然后运往酿酒厂，在那里，把酵母加进甘蔗汁里，使其吞噬糖分。

乙醇目前是这样生产出来的。如原料是甘蔗，那么先要榨出甘蔗汁，去除汁中的杂质后，将其送去酿酒厂加入酵母，酵母则把甘蔗汁的糖份吃掉。

Once the yeast has used the sugar the brew is cleaned and purified and you're left with ethanol.This can then bemixed straight into unleaded pertol to make E10, that's pertol with 10% ethanol.
一旦酵母吞噬完糖分，把酿造好的汁净化并纯化，这样便制造出乙醇。然后，把它与无铅汽油直接混合来制成E10,这种汽油含10%的乙醇。

一旦酵母吃尽了糖，把酝酿出的汁净化纯化后就成了乙醇，可直接与无铅汽油混和成E10，即含10%乙醇的汽油。

Conventional techniques appear incredibly wasteful. Of the entire plant, less than 30% is used as sugar. And once you've taken that out you're left with a waste product called bagasse. It's either dumped or burned for energy. But this waste product is actually full of a different knd of sugar; it's called C5 sugar, or xylose.
传统的制造工艺显得惊人的浪费。整个甘蔗只有不到30%的成分制成糖。并且，一旦把糖分取出，就只剩下称之为甘蔗渣的废料。要么把它丢弃，要么燃烧用来发电。然而，事实上这种废料含有大量的另外一种糖，称为C5糖，或是木糖。

传统技术显得异常浪费。整个作物只有不足30%的有效糖份，一旦糖份提取出来后，剩下的是叫甘蔗渣的废料。这些废料要么被抛弃掉，要么燃烧它们来发电。但其实这些废料含有大量的另一种糖份，名叫C5糖，或木糖。

conventional technique 传统工艺/技术

Genetic engineers have spent 20 years trying to create a type of yeast that can ferment xylose on an industrial scale. So far, they've failed.
基因工程师已花费二十年时间来尝试制作一种酵母，它能在工业规模上使木糖发酵。但至今为止，他们并未成功。

基因工程师们已经花了二十年，试图创造出某种能以工业规模发酵木糖的酵母，但至今尚未成功。

industrial scale 工业规模

It was considered impossible for natural yeast to ferment xylose at all. But two Australian scientists persevered with old school selective evolution and came up with a super yeast.
人们过去认为根本不可能用天然的酵母来发酵木糖。但是，两位澳大利亚科学家坚持传统的进化选择技术，并提出使用一种超级酵母。

过去一般认为自然酵母根本不可能发酵木糖。但两位澳大利亚科学家坚持使用选择进化的传统学派技术，最后培养出了一种超级酵母。

It was considered 经常可翻成 一般人们认为/考虑  old school 传统学派 selective evolution 选择进化 come up with 最后 最终 persever with 坚持

Their revolutionary new yeast has the potential to make ethanol a truly viable alternative fuel to pertol. Because the yeast can unlock exlose sugar, we' ll no longer be limited to sugarcane, corn and wheat. Believe it or not, xylose is found in waste paper and other plant by-products. It seems like science-fiction, but this could actually become the fuel of the future.
他们的革命性新型酵母有可能使乙醇成为经济可行的燃料，来替代汽油。。因为这种酵母能利用木糖，人们将不再限于只用甘蔗，玉米和小麦。信不信由你，在废纸合其他植物副产品中能检测出木糖。看似科幻小说，但乙醇真的能成为未来燃料。

他们的革命性的新酵母有潜力把乙醇变为真正经济可行的汽油替代燃料。因为这种酵母能把木糖利用起来，我们就不再仅限于使用甘蔗、玉米和小麦了。说了你可能不信，废纸和其他植物副产品中也含有木糖。这听起来如同科幻，但乙醇真的能成为未来的燃料。

believe it or not 这里不能翻成 "信不信由你", 应翻成"说了你可能不信", 这样才能更好的贴切语境。

plant bi-products 植物副产品  alternative 在大部分语境里可译为“替代性”