语言学练习参考答案

1.

A. The (a) words and (b) words are all human, but the (a) words are female while the (b) words are male.

B. The (a) words and (b) words are female, but the (a) words are animate while the (b) words are human.

C. The (a) words and (b) words are young, but the (a) words are inanimate while the (b) words are animate, including human.

D. The (a) words and (b) words are inanimate, but the (a) words are concrete while the (b) words are abstract.

2. The sentence “The girl found a book on Main Street” is syntactically ambiguous. The sentence can be interpreted as:

(1) The girl found a book which was lying on the Main Street.

(2) The girl found a book while she was on the Main Street.

(3) The girl found a book whose subject matter concerned the Main Street.

3. (omitted)

4. 1) The girl saw the man with the telescope.

  A. The girl used the telescope to see the man.

                       S

         NP                          VP

   
Det       N               V         NP               PP

                                     Det     N         P             NP

                                                                     Det      N

The      girl            saw  the   man       with     the   telescope

(In this tree, the PP [with the telescope] is under the same VP node, bothe governed by the verb see [saw])

(同学们，很抱歉。树形图的线条在贴子出不来，我还没有找到办法，你们只好将就着看了。)

B. The girl saw the man who had a telescope
                                             S
             NP                                            VP

     Det        N                            V                     NP
                                        
                                                                Det                 N'

                                                                             N'                PP

                                                                             N           P              NP
                                                                                                     Det        N
    The       girl                           saw         the       man         with     the     telescope
( In this tree, the PP [with the telescope] is under the same N' node as man, both preceded by the determiner the.)

2) (omitted)

5. It's known to both A and B that B is not having any health problem that will prevent him from going to a party. so B is saying something that he himself knows to false and is intentionally flouting the maxim of quality. The conversational implicature roduced is " I don't not want to go to your party tonight."

6. It's known to both A and B that B has no difficulty in pronoucing the word ice-cream. so b has intentionally flouting the maxim of manner. the conversational implicature produced is " I don't want the kids to know we are talking about ice-cream."

7. 在这个对话里，第2句对第1句的回答，其实说句“学戏不累”就够了， 但姚还说了许多其他的话，违反了数量准则，其会话含义是：姚对方有好感，已经爱上他了；第3句对第2句的回答，违反了关系准则，但方的含义是“我不能爱你”；第4句和第3句之间也违反了关系准则，表明姚已经明白了第3句的含义；第5句违反了数量准则，方的回答的含义是：我虽然只是订婚，但是师傅的外孙女，所以不能退婚，因此，我就不能和你结婚；从方的答话（5）中，姚读出了这样的信息：方并不爱他师傅的外孙女，于是就问了第6句；第7句没有正面回答“爱”或“不爱”，违反了关系准则，但含义是：我并不爱师傅的外孙女，和她订婚，只是处于师傅的情面。