动词时态的复习
2003-01-24 作者(来源):武琪
在学习英语的过程中,很多学生觉得英语的动词时态不好掌握;而我们在教学的实践当中也发现对于动词时态学习、掌握的好与否,直接影响学生所做的各项练习的准确度。因此,在新的一个学习阶段开始之际,很有必要将我们在前一段所学过的动词时态加以复习。
我们知道,动词主要用来表示动作,其次表示状态或性质。动作和状态的发生有一定的时间和表现方式。这就是英语动词的时态。英语动词的时态主要由动词的不同形式来表示。我们在前一段学习了四种动词时态,它们是一般现在时;现在进行时;一般将来时和一般过去时。
一.一般现在时(The Present Indefinite Tense)
一般现在时通常表示经常发生的或习惯性的动作或目前的状态。
1.构成:
一般现在时通常以动词原形构成。主语为第三人称单数时,一般在动词原形后加-s或-es。
变化规则如下:
(1).一般情况加-s,例如:work—works, come—comes, play—plays.
(2)以s,x,sh,ch或o结尾的动词,加-es. 例如:pass—passes, wash—washes, watch—watches, box—boxes, go—goes.
(3)以辅音字母+y结尾的动词,变y为i再加-es。例如:carry—carries, study—studies.
(4)动词be的第一人称单数开式为am,第三人称单数为is;动词have的第三人称单数为has.
2.动词一般现在时的肯定式、否定式和疑问式及回答:
(1)动词be
肯定式:I am…,You are…, He is…, She is…, It is…, We are…, You are…, They are…,
否定式:I am not…, You are not…,He is not…, She is not…, It is not…, We are not…,
You are not…, They are not….
疑问式和简略答语:
Am I…? Yes, you are. No, you are not.
Are you…? Yes, I am. No, I am not.
Is he/she/it…? Yes, he/she/it is.
No, he/she/it isn’t.
Are we…? Yes, we/you are. No, we/you aren’t.
Are you…? Yes, they are. No, they aren’t.
(2)动词work
肯定式:I work. You work. He/She/It works.
We /You/They work.
否定式:I don’t work. You don’t work.
He/She/It doesn’t work
We/You/They don’t work.
疑问式和简略答语:
Do I work? Yes, you do. No, you don’t.
Do you work? Yes, I do. No, I don’t.
Does he/she/it work? Yes, he/she/it does.
No, he/she/it doesn’t.
Do we work? Yes, you do. No, you don’t.
Do you work? Yes, we do. No, we don’t.
Do they work? Yes, they do. No, they don’t.
3.用法:
(1)一般现在时动词表示现状、性质、状态和经常的或习惯性的动作或状态。例如:
She is a student. 她是个学生。
He has a sister. 他有个姐姐。
It is fine today. 今天天气好。
You look well. 你气色好。
I am good at swimming. 我擅长游泳。
Uncle Wang knows a lot of English.
王叔叔英语懂得很多。
(2)一般现在时动词常与often, usually, always, sometimes, every day, once a week, never, on Sundays 等频度副词和时间状语连用。例如:
I get up at six every day. 我每天六点起床。
She usually comes to school by bus.
她通常乘公共汽车来学校。
Do you write to your parents once a week?
你一周给你父母写一封信吗?
Sometimes, I go to see a film with my friends.
有时候我和朋友们去看电影。
(3)一般现在时动词表示客观事实或普遍真理。例如:
Japan is to the east of China.
日本在中国的东边。
The moon goes around the earth.
月球绕着地球转。
(4)在时间和条件状语从句中可用一般现在时动词表示一般将来时概念。例如:
We’ll go to the Great Wall if it is fine tomorrow.
如果明天天气好,我们就去长城。
I’ll call you as soon as I get to Beijing.
我一到北京就给你打电话。
(5)在某些以here, there开头的句子中用一般现在时动词表示正在发生的动作。例如:
There goes the bell. 铃响了。
Here they are. 他们来了。
二.现在进行时(The Present Continuous Tense)
1.构成
助动词be(am/is/are)+动词的—ing形式
2.动词的—ing形式的构成
(1)一般在动词原形末尾加—ing。例如:work—working, study—studying.
(2)以不发音的字母e结尾的动词,先去掉e,再加—ing。例如:have—having, live—living.
(3)以重读闭音节结尾的动词,如结尾只有一个辅音字母,应先双写出这一字母,再加—ing。例如:run—running, stop—stopping, forget—forgetting, begin—beginning.
3.现在进行时态的肯定、否定和疑问式
(1)肯定式:I am studying.
You are studying.
He/She is studying.
We/You/They are studying.
(2)否定式:I’m not studying.
You aren’t studying.
He/She isn’t studying.
We/You/They aren’t studying.
(3)一般疑问句及回答
What are you doing? I’m studying.
What is he/she doing? He/She is studying.
What are we/you/they doing? We/You/They are studying.
4.用法
(1)动词的现在进行时用来表示现在正在进行或发生的动作。例如:
What are you doing? We are playing basketball.
你们在干什么?我们在打篮球。
(2)动词的现在进行时有时用来表示现阶段正在进行,而说话时不一定正在进行的动作。例如:
Are they working hard this term?
这学期他们在努力学习吗?
We are picking apples on a farm these days?
这些天我们正在农场摘苹果。
(3)动词的现在进行时,动词表示即将发生的动作(如在最近按计划或安排好要进行的动作)。Come, go, leave, start, arrive等动词常与将来时间的状语连用表示这种意义。例如:
They are going to Shanghai this Friday.
他们这个星期主要去上海。
Tom is coming here next week.
汤姆下周要来这儿。
5.一般现在时和现在进行时的主要区别
(1)一般现在时表示经常性动作,现在进行时表示现在或现阶段正在发生的动作。例如:
He studies hard. 他(经常)努力学习。
He is studying hard. 他(此刻或现阶段)正在努力学习。
(2)一般现在时表示现在发生的动作,现在进行时表示眼前看得见的动作。例如:
Boats pass under the bridge. 船从桥下穿过。
The boat is passing under the bridge.
船正从桥下穿过。
三.一般将来时(The future indefinite tense)
一般将来时动词表示将来发生的动作或情况。主要有以下几种表现形式:
1.由助动词shall或will加动词原形构成,shall 用于第一人称,will用于第二、三人称。除英国外的说英语的国家,在陈述句中,即使在第一人称一般也用will,在英国也有这种趋势。在口语中,常用shall, will的缩写形式为’ll, 如:I’ll, you’ll等。Shall not的缩写式为:shan’t, will not 的缩写式为:won’t.
肯定句:I/We shall/will go.
You/He/She/They Will go.
否定句:I/We shall/will not go.
You/He/She/They Will not go.
疑问句:Shall I/we go?
Will you/he/she/they go?
(1)一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或情况。例如:I will(shall) arrive tomorrow.
我明天到。
Will you be free tonight?
你今晚有空吗?
We won’t (shan’t) be busy this evening.
我们今晚不忙。
(2)在一般将来时的句子中,有时有表示将来时间的状语,有时没有时间状语,这时要从意思上判断是 否指未来的动作或情况。例如:
Will she come? 她(会)来吗?
We’ll only stay for two weeks. 我们只待两星期。
The meeting won’t last long. 会开不了多久。
(3)在以第一人称I或we作主语的问句中,一般使用助动词shall,这时或是征求对方的意见(a),或是询问一个情况(b):
a. Where shall we meet? 我们在哪儿碰头?
b. Shall we have any classes tomorrow?
明天我们有课吗?
在这类问句中,近年来也有不少人用will,特别是在美国。例如:
How will I get there? 我怎么去?
(4)在时间或条件状语从句中,一般不能用将来时态,而用现在时态代替。例如:
I’ll call you as soon as I get to Beijing.
我一到北京就给你打电话。
We’ll go to the Great Wall if it is fine tomorrow.
如果明天天气好,我们就去长城。
2.be going to+动词原形
(1)表示打算、准备做的事。例如:
We are going to put up a building here.
我们打算在这里盖一座楼。
How are you going to spend your holidays?
假期你准备怎样过?
(2)表示即将发生或肯定要发生的事。例如:
I think it is going to snow. 我看要下雪了。
There’s going to be a lot of trouble about this. 这事肯定会有很多麻烦。
(3)“will”句型与“be going to”句型,前者表示纯粹停来,后者表示打算、计划、准备做的事情,更强调主语的主观意愿。例如:
Tomorrow will be Saturday. 明天是周六了。
We are going to visit Paris this summer.
今年夏天我们打算游览巴黎。
3.Be+不定式
表示按计划安排要发生的事或用来征求对方意见。例如:
There is to be a sports meet on Saturday.
星期六要举行运动会。
We are to meet at the school gate.
我们约定在校门口碰头。
When are they to hand in their plan?
他们的计划什么时候交上来?
Am I to (=Shall I)go on with the work?
这工作我是不是接着干下去?
4.一般现在时表示将来
这种用法限于某些动词,如:begin, be, come, go, leave, arrive, return leave, arrive, return 返回)等。表示按计划或时刻表要发生的事。例如:
The train leaves at 4:30p.m. We still have half an hour.火车下午四点半开。我们还有半小时的 时间。
When does the winter holiday begin?
寒假什么时候开始?
I’m not at home tonight. 我今晚不在家。
5.现在进行时表示将来
这种用法限于某些动词,如:begin, start, come, go, leave, arrive, reach等。表示按计划安排要发生的事。例如:
How are you going—by boat or by train?
你们怎么去坐船还是坐火车去?
We are leaving tomorrow.我们明天就离开。
四.一般过去时(The Past Indefinite Tense)
1.构成:
一般过去时通常由动词过去式表示。不规则动词的过去式有其特殊形式。规则动词的过去式是在动词原 形词尾加— ed。其规则如下:
(1)一般情况在动词尾加— ed。例如:
work—worked, want—wanted
(2)以不发音的e结尾的动词,直接加—d。例如:
live—lived, hope—hoped
(3)以“辅音字母+y“结尾的动词,变y为I再加— ed。例如:
study—studied, cry—cried
(4) 以重读闭音节一个辅音字母结尾的动词,双写词尾的辅音字母再加— ed。例如:
stop—stopped, beg—begged.
(5)词尾听加的— ed的发音,有以下几种情况:
a. 以元音或浊辅音结尾的动词。加— ed后,— ed发音浊辅音[d]。
b. 以清辅音结尾的动词,加— ed后,— ed发清辅音[t]。
c. 以[t] [d]结尾的动词,加— ed后,— ed发[id], 与结尾的[t]、[d]相拼,读作[tid]或[did].
2.一般过去时由动词的过去式表示,动词be有was, were两个过去式,was用于第一、三人称单数,were 用于其他人称。在构成否定及疑问句时,一般都借助助动词did,动词be有其独特的疑问及否定形式(基本上和一般现在时一致)。这个时态的三种结构可表示如下:
(1)肯定句
I/You/He/She/They worked there.
I/He/She was there. We/You/They were there.
(2)否定句:
I/You/He/She/They did not work there.
I/He/She was not there.
We/You/They were not there.
(3)疑问句:
Did you/I/he/she/they work there?
Was I/he /she there? Were you/we/they there?
3.用法
(1)一般过去时主要表示过去某时发生的动作和情况(包括习惯性动作,通常与表示过去的时间状语连用。例如:
The train arrived ten minutes ago.
火车十分钟前就到了。
What time did you get up yesterday mooning?
昨天早晨你几点起床的?
(2)有些情况,发生的时间不很清楚,但实际上是过去发生的,应当用过去时态。例如:
I don’t know you were so busy.
我没想到你这么忙。
I thought you were out. 我还以为你出去了呢。
(3)在谈到已故去的人的情况时多用过去时。例如:
Lu Xun was a great writer.
鲁迅是一位伟大作家。
下面让我们结合所复习的内容。做一些练习题。
练习题
用所给动词的正确时态填空:
1. He________ TV every evening. (watch)
2. We always ________ to school on foot. (go)
3. Tom, with his classmates, often ______ football after school. (play)
4. Their classroom _________ four big windows. (have)
5. Your shoes _______ under the bed. (be)
6. She ______ for her friends at the bus stop now. (wait)
7. Sorry, I_______ no enough money with me now. (have)
8. The days _______ longer and longer now. (get)
9. ______ here and ______ by me. (come, stand)
10. Look, the bus _______. (come)
11. His uncle usually _________ to work by bus. (go)
12. Sorry, I’m busy. I ______to a friend of mine in Hangzhou. (write)
13. Lin Tao and his classmates ______ on a farm next week. (work)
14. We ______ to the Great Wall if it _______ fine tomorrow. (go, be)
15. Look at the cloud. I think it ________. (rain)
16. Mary _______thirteen next year. (be)
17. Today is Monday. Tomorrow ______ Tuesday. (be)
18. There _______ no hospitals here ten years ago. (be)
19. He _____you to the station tomorrow morning. (see)
20. It _____ very hard. We’d better stay at home. (rain)
21. I always ______ up at six in the morning, but I _____up a little later yesterday. (get )
22. She _______ swim very well when she was five years old. (can)
23. They ________ in Beijing in 1960. (be)
24. He always _______ to work by bike when he was in Shanghai. (go)
25. I _____ you up as soon as I ______to Nanjing. (ring, get)
26. They never _________ in the room. (smoke)
27. I______ to school yesterday because I _____ill. (not go, be)
28. John ________ like his father. (look)
29. Be quiet. The baby ______.(sleep)
30. Some young people _______in the lake. (swim)
参考答案:
1. watches 2. go 3. plays 4. has 5. are 6. is waiting 7. have
8. are getting 9. come, stand 10. is coming 11. goes 12. am writing
13. are going to work/will work
14. are going to /will go, is
15. is going to rain 16. Will be
17. will be 18. were 19. will see
20. is raining 21. get, got 22. could
23. were 24. went 25. will/shall ring, get
26. smoke 27. didn't go, was 28. looks
29. is sleeping 30. are swimming
posted on 2008-08-31 17:20
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