【New words and expressions】 生词和短语

　　◆gangster n. 歹徒，强盗

　　◆Chicago n. 芝加哥 （美国城市）

　　◆protection n. 保护

　　◆promptly adv. 准时地

　　◆destroy v. 毁掉；消灭

　　◆remarkable adj. 不寻常的

　　◆band n. 帮，团伙

　　◆Florence n. 佛罗伦萨（意大利城市）

　　◆city-state n. （古代）城邦

　　◆hire v. 租出，雇给

　　◆prince n. 君主，诸侯

　　◆Florentine n. 佛罗伦萨人

　　◆funeral n. 葬礼

　　◆dedicate v. 奉献，题献给

　　◆memory n. 纪念

　　◆valiant adj. 英勇的

　　

　　★gangster n. 歹徒，强盗

　　a band of gangsters 一伙强盗

　　robber 抢劫犯，抢劫者；

　　bandit 强盗,土匪

　　brigand (书面用语) 强盗，土匪，盗贼，草寇

　　hooligan 流氓，不良分子

　　hoodlum (口语)罪犯，恶汉

　　rascal (口语)淘气，捣蛋鬼

　　

　　★Chicago n. 芝加哥 （美国城市）

　　★protection n. 保护

　　protection money 保护费

　　protect v. protect from

　　We must protect our eyes from the sunshine.

　　protective adj. 保护的

　　protector n.保护者

　　protege n. 被保护者

　　

　　★promptly adv. 准时地

　　I give him a ring and he call me back promptly.

　　He was so sleepy that he went to sleep promptly.

　　

　　on time准时/ in time及时

　　punctually adv. 守时地

　　

　　★destroy v. 毁掉；消灭

　　destroy 强调毁灭，消灭，完全的摧毁

　　Eg: The earthquake destroyed the city. / You destroyed his dream.

　　damage 强受损程度不很严重，可以被修复

　　break 强调弄坏，弄断

　　Two of the strings were broken.

　　spoil 强调把事情搅和了

　　Eg: spoil the party. / spoil the holiday

　　

　　★remarkable adj. 不寻常的

　　remarkable adj. : unusual; uncomon; extraordinary

　　a remarkable event 不同寻常的事件

　　an extraordinary event

　　

　　outstanding adj. 突出的， 杰出的，卓越的

　　Eg: Our headmaster is an outstanding youth.

　　distinguished adj. 杰出的，卓越的，不同非凡的

　　eminent adj. 显赫的，杰出的，有名的，优良的

　　Eg:a distinguished physicist; an eminent surgeon; an eminent judge; a distinguished lawyer

　　以上都可以用来修饰那些在严肃领域的人，比如科学，医学等等

　　well-know adj. 强调众所周知的

　　famous adj. 因卓越的贡献和成绩而流芳百世的

　　Eg: She is well-known in the musical world. / This is well-known fact.

　　 He is a famous moviestar. / Luxun is famous for his articles.

　　notorious adj. 臭名昭著的，臭名远扬的； be famous for bad things

　　infarmous adj. 声名狼藉的(语气较弱)

　　rnowned adj. 某人或某事以其独特的品质、个性而闻名

　　Eg: Hangzhou is renowned for its beautiful...

　　

　　★band n. 帮，团伙

　　a band of robbers 一伙强盗

　　mob n. 表示贬义色彩的团伙、帮派

　　 a mob of hooligans 一伙流氓

　　gang n. 一伙 a gang of thieves

　　nest n. 窝； a nest of bandits

　　pack n. 团伙、帮派； a pack of hoodlums

　　

　　★Florence n. 佛罗伦萨（意大利城市）

　　★city-state n. （古代）城邦

　　★hire v. 租出，雇给

　　hire; rent; let; employ

　　hire out; rent out 租给

　　Eg: Does this firm hire out cars? 这家公司出租汽车吗？

　　rent out租给，雇给：主要强调出租房屋

　　Eg: He rent out his house to a tourist.

　　let 出租房屋: let his house / please let your house to me。

　　hire from/ rent from 租进来

　　Eg: He hired a car from us. / I rent a room form Mrs. Johnson.

　　hire 指短期雇佣体力劳动者

　　employ 指长期雇佣或聘请脑力劳动者

　　We employed her as our advisor.

　　The factory employed 500 workers.

　　He hired two helpers. 他雇佣了两个临时帮手。

　　

　　★prince n. 君主，诸侯

　　★Florentine n. 佛罗伦萨人

　　★funeral n. 葬礼

　　★dedicate v. 奉献，题献给

　　dedicate to 奉献给…… 比devote 更为正式而庄重

　　Eg:He dedicated his first book to his mother.

　　I devote my time to helping my students.

　　He dedicates his life to his motherland.

　　He dedicated his life to science.

　　

　　put sb of business使某人失业

　　put sb/sth out of ……使某人失去……

　　Eg: You are putting me out of patience.

　　put it out of your mind 忘记这件事情吧!= forget it.

　　

　　★valiant adj. 英勇的

　　brave adj. 勇敢的

　　The boy is brave.

　　During war, soldiers are valiant.

　　fearless adj. 大无畏的，无所畏惧的

　　We are fearless in time of danger.

　　courageous adj. 有胆量的，有勇气的

　　

　　★memory n. 纪念

　　You have a good memory.

　　in memory of / to the memory of

　　Eg: if my memory serves me well, you’re Tom.如果我没记错的话，你是Tom。

　　

　　【Text】

　　§ Lesson 14 A noble gangster 贵族歹徒

　　Q: How did Hawkwood make money in times of peace?

　　

　　There was a time when the owners of shop and businesses in Chicago had to pay large sums of money to gangsters in return for ‘protection‘. If the money was not paid promptly, the gangsters would quickly put a man out of business by destroying his shop. Obtaining ‘protechon money‘ is not a modern crime. As long ago as the fourteenth century, an Englishman, Sir John Hawkwood, made the remarkable discovery that people would rather pay large sums of money than have their life work destroyed by gangsters.

　　Six hundred years ago, Sir John Hawkwood arrived in Italy with a band of soldiers and settled near Florence. He soon made a name for himself and came to be known to the Italians as Giovanni Acuto. Whenever the Italian city-states were at war with each other, Hawkwood used to hire his soldiers to princes who were willing to pay the high price he demanded. In times of peace, when business was bad, Hawkwood and his men would march into a city-state and, after burning down a few farms, would offer to go away if protection money was paid to them. Hawkwood made large sums of money in this way. In spite of this, the Italians regarded him as a sort of hero. When he died at the age of eighty, the Florentines gave him a state funeral and had a picture painted which was dedicated to the memory of ‘the most valiant soldier and most notable leader, Signor Giovanni Haukodue‘.

　　

　　参考译文

　　 曾经有一个时期,芝加哥的店主和商行的老板们不得不拿出大笔的钱给歹徒以换取"保护"。如果交款不及时,歹徒们就会很快捣毁他的商店,让他破产.榨取"保护金"并不是一种现代的罪恶行径.早在14世纪,英国人约翰.霍克伍德就有过非凡的发现:"人们情愿拿出大笔的钱,也不愿毕生的心血毁于歹徒之手.

　　 600年前,约翰.霍克伍德爵士带着一队士兵来到意大利,在佛罗伦萨附近驻扎下来,很快就出了名.意大利人叫他乔凡尼.阿库托.每次意大利各城邦之间打伏,霍克伍德把他的士兵雇佣给愿给他出高价的君主。和平时期,当生意萧条时,霍克伍德便带领士兵进入某个城邦,纵火烧毁一两个农场,然后提出,如向他们缴纳保护金,他们便主动撤离。霍克伍德用这种方法挣了大笔钱.尽管如此,意大利人还是把他视作某种英雄。他80岁那年死去时,佛罗伦萨人为他举行了国葬,并为他画像以纪念这位"骁勇无比的战士、杰出的领袖乔凡尼.阿库托先生."

　　【课文讲解】

　　pay large sums of money to sb. 向某人付大笔大笔的费用

　　in return for 目的是为了换取...作为对...的回报

　　Eg: He gave me some books in return for my help.

　　

　　when引导状语从句修饰 time

　　Eg: There was a time when mini skirt was in fashion.

　　

　　promptly: innediately

　　put a man out out of business: 使某人失业

　　put sb. / sth. out of ... 使某人失去......

　　Eg: You are putting me out of patience.

　　You have already put everything out of order.

　　

　　put it out of your mind 忘记这件事情吧

　　

　　by destroying his shop 通过......手段

　　Eg.: You are putting me out of patience by disturbing me. 你快把我弄得失去耐心了，如果再这样打扰的话。

　　

　　Obtaining...

　　obtaining: getting

　　

　　as long ago as 追溯回到：dating back to / date from

　　Eg.: I knew Jane as long ago as the year 1980.

　　

　　John hawkwood’s discovery was quite remarkable.

　　make the remarkable discovery 做出不同寻常的发现

　　

　　would rather do sth than do sth 宁愿而不

　　Eg.: He would rather die than surrender.

　　I would rather play tennis than swim.

　　

　　==would prefer to do……than do

　　==would prefer doing……to doing

　　Eg.: He would prefer to die than surrender.

　　 He would prefer dying to surrendering.

　　

　　would rather: sooner + that从句 (过去式)

　　Eg: I would rather that you were not here. 我宁愿你不在这儿。

　　Eg: I would rather that I didn‘t see you. 我宁愿没见到你。

　　life work 毕生的事业

　　Eg.: I want to have the tree cut down.

　　

　　Six hundred years ago...

　　a band of…… 一伙…………

　　settled near Florence 定居在Florence附近

　　

　　make a name for himself ===become famous

　　Eg.: They soon made quite a name for themselves as pop singers.

　　

　　come to / get to 渐渐的

　　come to be known 渐渐的被人所熟知

　　Eg.: I come to be known to my students.

　　I got to know him.

　　

　　whenever 无论什么时候

　　

　　at war 交战 at war with 与……交战

　　

　　hire 表示出租

　　who指代 prince

　　he demanded: Hawkwood demanded

　　

　　in times of peace 在和平期间

　　in times of……在……期间

　　

　　march into 大踏步行军

　　

　　would offer to do=== would promise to do

　　burn down烧毁/ burn up烧光 / burn out 烧空

　　Eg.: the house was burned out only...

　　

　　in spite of this 尽管如此

　　

　　People in different countries have different ipinions.

　　Eg.: the Italians regarded him as a sort of hero.

　　

　　give sb. a state funeral 给某人举行国葬

　　have sth. done

　　Signor （意大利语） 先生

　　which指代picture

　　be dedicated to the memory of sb.

　　the most valiant 比较级的最高级形式

　　

　　★★★课文要背熟★★★

　　

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