2007年10月25日
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女人迷人的地方,除了甜美的笑容外,莫过于会放电的眼神了,也因为这样,眼部的保养是女人年过25岁后,就要开始保养,以防止眼睛开始有细纹出现了,否则眼部细纹会慢慢地,将会成为你脸上卸不换的妆扮...你和我一样吗?害怕有小细纹吗?别怕~让我们来为如何淡化眼部细纹一起努力吧!
眼部细纹产生的原因
◎干燥、缺水
脸部的肌肤中,在眼睛四周的肌肤是最单薄的。
因为这部分的肌肤,没有皮脂腺、汗腺,且非常薄,约脸上其它部位肌肤的l/3~l/5厚度。因此,眼部四周的肌肤,保护功能弱,加上眼部四周的肌肤水份容易蒸发,在保水能力不佳的情况下,便容易产生皱纹。
◎用眼过度
你可能不知道长期在计算机前打字,也容易使眼部肌肤老化而产生细纹哦!
因为我们的双眼,每天都要眨动一万次以上,在这样眨动频繁的状况下,自然会牵动到眼部四周的肌肤及肌肉,所以也容易造成眼皮的松弛与脆弱,这也是就是眼睛周围容易形成「皱纹」的原因。所以用眼过度也是造成眼部四周产生细纹的主因之一呢!
◎血液循环不佳
因为眼部的肌肤较单薄 ,所以相对的肌肤中的血管较细及少,所以较难运送营养和氧气到肌肤细胞中,而使得眼部周围的毛细血管循环容易停滞,肌肤的养份补充困难,血液循环不佳,新陈代谢也不易,因而眼睛四周的肌肤就容易老化起皱纹。
如何淡化眼部细纹
为了让你的双眼一闪一闪亮晶晶,没有任何鱼尾般的细纹产生,就要好好的保养哦!
◎滋润保养
使用含水量较高及眼部专用的保养品为眼部肌肤,加以滋润保养。
注:在做眼部清洁保养时,不要过度拉扯肌肤,以免眼睛提早老化。
◎帮眼部做按摩
常看计算机或用眼过度的人,不妨休息时,多按摩,增加血液循环顺畅、并纾解眼部压力。以下介绍你一个简单的按摩操,不妨试看看哦! 舒眼按摩操
Step1 将食指、中指、无名指三指指腹合并,反复摩搓变热
Step2 依照眼框周围按压眼部3~5秒
Step3 然后透过指部余温抚贴于眼部约5秒,帮助血液循环,以消除眼压酸痛感,排除眼周沈积毒素。
◎ 在饮食上及生活调整
饮食上多吃蔬菜水果、多喝水及作息正常来改善眼部的疲倦及补充所需的养份
正确涂抹眼霜的步骤:
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| 1、涂抹眼霜应该使用最轻柔光滑的无名指指腹 |
2、将眼霜轻轻点在上下眼睑及眼皮处。 |
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| 3、由内眼角经过上眼皮轻轻涂到眼尾,再由眼尾经过下眼睑涂到眼角处。 |
4、由眼尾向眉尾涂抹,由眼尾向太阳穴涂抹,然后轻按太阳穴。 |
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眼睛在美容上有三最:美容美颜最需重视的部位;脸部最早的皱纹--鱼尾纹;脸部皮肤最早的松弛老化--眼袋和黑眼圈。为什么岁月总是先侵蚀我们的眼睛?我们有能怎样与岁月做斗争,多保留一分美好?小编为你请来眼睛护理的专家,我们一起副抚平岁月的痕迹。
浮肿--这是我们常遇到的问题,即使年轻也是无法远离浮肿的眼皮。
终结浮肿
如果你是由于饮食饮水不当产生的眼睛浮肿,你则可按照以下的方法将其消除。
1、冰敷:
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买一个充满液态胶的面罩(脸部冰敷袋),先冰冻,然后在一早起床做其它事情前,先把它放在眼皮上10分钟。 |
也有人用小黄瓜片或化妆棉沾冰牛奶敷眼消肿的,歌手李王文则更推崇用喝剩的茶包敷眼的方法,据说这是她的电眼妙方。
2、饮水:
为了使身体保持润泽,我们每天要喝六至八杯的水,合理的安排应当是:
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分别在早上三杯,中午三杯及晚饭前两杯,最好尽量在晚饭前喝完一天所需要的水分,切记不要待临睡前才急速地喝下两大杯水。 |
3、清口:
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口味淡的饭菜不会叫你挨饿,适当调整一下自己的口味,去接受那些清淡的食物,这会为你的健康带来很多好处。如果常在经期前出现眼皮浮肿,更要减少盐分的摄取量。 |
黑眼圈--它的存在着实给一些注重颜面的女性带来莫大的困扰。
清除黑眼圈
1、 安排好生活,保证充足的睡眠,绝不可熬夜。同时睡觉时仰睡而不是俯睡,并尽量使用柔软的枕头。
2、 应尽量避免过度的搓揉眼部。
3、 喜欢化彩妆的人,眼部卸妆要彻底,最好用专业眼部卸妆液卸妆。
4、 当您起床时黑眼圈太过严重时,有一招急救法:
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用热毛巾覆盖眼睛四周,来回重复多次,再用冰茶袋敷几分钟,最后涂上眼霜即可。此外多汁的苹果片、未长芽的土豆片和煮熟的鸡蛋都是暂时消除黑眼圈的好帮手。 |
5、 进行一些耗氧运动,使血液保持充足的氧分。亦可在早上或晚饭后出外散步,吸取新鲜空气。
6、 配合适当的按摩促进眼部血液循环,以中指指腹轻轻地从上眼头开始至上眼窝、上眼尾、下眼尾、下眼窝、下眼头,以按摩方式在眼上打圈。以中指指腹与无名指指腹,轻柔地轮流拍打下眼头、下眼尾的肌肤,尤其是在黑眼圈的严重处,要多重复数次。按摩太阳穴以舒缓及松弛眼部的肌肉,挤出适量的护肤品点按眼部,使用保湿类的眼部护肤品可由眼尾涂抹至眼头;而收紧类型的产品则由眼头涂抹至眼尾。
眼皱纹--眼皱纹绝对是揭露女性芳龄并将之公告天下的叛徒。
扶平眼皱纹
我们虽无法阻止生命的生长与衰竭,但却可把皱纹出现的时间延迟。
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1、 预防鱼尾纹首先要改掉一些眯眼、不停眨眼的不良习惯,同时在烈日强光下,眼睛要注意防晒,太阳镜是必不可少的。 |
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2、 多做眼部的按摩,用少许按摩霜,以中指由眉心开始轻轻往外向下按压,顺着上下眼盖绕成一圆圈,重复做六次。 |
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3、 每次在清洁肌肤后要涂上滋润眼霜,并坚持每星期做一次面部水分护理。土法也有用一个蛋黄加入一匙蜂蜜调匀,再加两滴橄榄油来润肤防皱的。 |
眼袋--如果对眼部出现的小问题不加注意,不久就会生成令你看上去衰老十岁的眼袋。
铲除眼袋
若想对付眼袋,下面的方法颇有帮助:
1、保证充足的睡眠。临睡之前少喝水,并将枕头适当垫高,让容易堆积在眼睑部的水分通过血液循环而分散。
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2、睡前在眼下部皮肤上贴无花果或黄瓜片,同时也可利用木瓜加薄荷浸在热水中制成茶,晾凉后经常涂敷在眼下皮肤上。木瓜茶不仅可更新疲劳的眼睛,而且还有减轻眼下囊袋之功效。 |
3、每天润肤时用手朝上击打颜面部位,特别要注意在眼周围软弱的皮肤上重点轻敲。平素应当避免随意地牵拉下眼睑或将其向外过度伸展。
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4、日常饮食中经常咀嚼如胡萝卜及芹菜抑或口香糖等,有利于改善面部肌肤。平时尚须注意常吃些胶体、优质蛋白、动物肝脏及番茄、土豆之类的食物,注意膳食平衡,可对此部位组织细胞的新生提供必要的营养物质,对消除下眼袋亦有裨益。 |
5、上、下眼睑常有意识做闭合运动,每日最好坚持做100次以上,使眼睑肌有收缩与放松的感觉,将会延缓眼袋的产生。
对于整天面对电脑的情况下,眼部肌肤的各种问题会浮于你的脸上,全心全力,致力于眼部肌肤的护理过程吧,让自己在家里也可以做到眼睛的舒缓于美丽!
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2006年2月15日
(三) 主谓一致问题 主谓一致是指主语与谓语在数上要一致。把握主谓一致问题,考生主要解决的是对不同结构的主语单复数的认定,进而选择适当的谓语。解决主谓一致主要遵循三个原则: 语法一致原则 意义一致原则 就近一致原则 很多情况下应该综合利用这三个原则来处理主谓一致,在不同情况下可能应用三个原则中的不同原则,具体应用哪种原则应该视具体情况而定。总结如下: 一.谓语动词用单数的情况 1.动名词短语、不定式短语、名词性从句做主语,谓语用单数。如: Buying clothes is often a time-consuming job because those clothes that a person likes are rarely the cones that fit him or her. (1987年考研题) To understand the situation completely requires more thought than has been given thus far. 2.表示时间、距离、金额、重量、面积、体积、容积等度量的名词短语做主语时,谓语用单数。 Two weeks was too long Five times five makes twenty five 3.一般用and连接的两个单词或短语做主语时候,谓语用复数,但是下面用and连接的主语表示一个概念,谓语用单数: law and order 法制 soap and water 肥皂水 a cup and saucer 茶杯碟子 fork and knife 刀叉 the needle and thread 针线 trial and error 反复尝试,不断摸索 horse and carriage 马车 time and tide 岁月 bread and butter 奶油面包 the ebb and flow 盛衰,潮涨潮落 如: If law and order not preserved, neither the citizen nor his property is safe. A. is B. are C. was d. were 答案:A。 4.表示学科和某些疾病名称的名词是复数形式,作主语时候谓语动词用单数形式 Linguistics is a branch of study on human language. 5.有些名词形式上是复数,意义上是单数,根据意义一致原则动词用单数 The chaos was stopped by the police The news is a great encouragement to us A series of debates between the lectures was scheduled for the next weekend. 6.用and 连接的成份表示一个单一概念时候,动词谓语用单数形式 Bread and butter is our daily food Time and tide waits for no man 二. 谓语用复数情况 1. 由and, both …and, 连接的并列主语,和both ,a few, many ,several 等修饰语后面谓语动词通常用复数形式。 Few people know he and I were classmates when we were at college. 2.集体名词police, public, militia, cattle ,class ,youth后常用复数形式的动词 The Chinese people are brave and hardworking The cattle are grazing in the sunshine 3.当表示民族的词与冠词合用当主语,谓语动词用复数形式 The Japanese were once very aggressive 4.某些形容词前面加定冠词表示一类人,做主语时候,谓语动词用复数 The rich are not always selfish 5.不可数名词作主语,其前有表示数量的复数名词修饰时,谓语动词用复数 Three million tons of coal were exported that year 三.谓语动词可用单数,也可以用复数的情况 1. 就近一致原则 这种情况下,谓语动词使用单数还是复数取决于最靠近该动词的主语的单复数,存在这种情况的主要由以下几种可能: 1) 由连词 either…or…; neither…nor…; whether… or…;not only…but (also) ;or 等连接的并列主语 Neither money nor fame has influence on me Not only you but also he is wrong 2) 在倒装结构中,谓语动词与后面的第一个主语一致 Blocking the open-sided porch, framed by the enveloping fog, stands a tall grave-faced policeman. Just outside the ruins is a magnificent building surrounded by tall trees. Although a great number of houses in that area are still in need of repair, there has been improvement in the facili 2. 主语带有(together/along)with, such as, accompanied by, as well as, no less than, except, besides, with, combined with, in addition to , including, together with 等等附加成分,谓语的数不受附加成分的影响仍然与主语保持一致 Professor Taylor , with six of his students ,is attending a conference in Boston organized to compare current practice in the United States with those of other nations. The president of the college, together with the deans, is planning a conference for the purpose of laying down certain regulations. (1981年考研题) 3.关系代词做主语的定语从句中,谓语的数要与先行词一致。如: Despite much research, there are still certain elements in the life cycle of the insect that are not fully understood. (1996年考研题) There are many valuable services which the public are willing to pay for, but which do not bring a return in money to the community. (1990年考研题) 4.一些表示数量的短语与名词连用时候,谓语动词的数取决于名词的数,名词是复数,谓语动词用复数,反之就用单数。这些短语包括:a lot of /lots of; plenty of/heaps of; half of; two-third (three-fourth…) of; eighty(ten, twenty…) percent; part of; rest of ; none of 等等 Two-thirds of people present are women Lots of damage was caused by the fire 5.集体名词作主语时,谓语动词的数取决于主语表示的意思和数,当表示整体时候,谓语动词就用单数,当强调集体中的个体时候,谓语动词就用复数。这些集体名词如:army, audience, band ,government ,group ,flock, police, public ,staff ,team ,troop. Crowd, firm, family 等等 The family is the basic unit of our society The family were watching the TV The audience was enormous The audience were greatly moved at the words 6.某些固定结构中主语与谓语的数: 第一组: a great many + 可数名词复数 谓语用复数 a number of + 可数名词复数 谓语用复数 the majority of + 可数名词复数 谓语用复数 第二组; the number of + 可数名词复数 谓语用单数 each/every + 可数名词复数 谓语用单数 neither/either of + 可数名词复数 谓语用单数 one and a half + 可数名词复数 谓语用单数 第三组; more than one + 可数名词单数 谓语用单数 many a + 可数名词单数 谓语用单数 第四组; the greater part of a large proportion of 50% of one third of plenty of the rest of 谓语的数与of 后面的名词一致 第五组; (n)either…(n)or…. not only….. but also …… not …..but …… 谓语的数与主语的第二部分(即(n)or/ but also/ but引导的后面部分)一致. 注意比较: More students than one have been referred to More than one student is going to buy this book
(四)倒装结构 倒装是指句子成分不是按主语在前、谓语在后的正常语序排列,而是将谓语或谓语的一部分移到主语之前。倒装是一种修辞手段,目的是为了强调。倒装分为部分倒装和全部倒装,考试多为部分倒装。考生应掌握什么情况下需要倒装,并对倒装后的句子能够认出来,避免做题时候的盲目和迷茫。 一. 用全部倒装的情况 全部倒装一般是存在以下列副词开头的句子中,全部倒装的方法是把句子的主谓语序颠倒过来,把谓语移到主语前面: 1)出于修辞需要,表示方向的副词:out, down, in ,up, away, on。如: Down jumped the burglar from the tenth floor when he heard someone shouted at him. Up went the plane 2)出于习惯用法:here, there, now, thus, hence, then.如: Now is your turn. There goes the bell. Here is a ticket for you There existed a certain doubt among the students as to the necessity of work 注意:here,there用于倒装结构时主语一般为名词,如果是人称代词则不需要倒装 “ where is the cup?” “Here it is!” Here you are. There he comes. 3)有时主语较长,为了使句子平衡,避免头重脚轻,主谓要全部倒装。这种情况多出现在主系表结构中。如: Less important than ever is developing a meaningful philosophy of life. In between these two extremes are those people who agree with the jury system as a whole, but feel that some changes need to be implemented to improve its effectiveness. 二. 采用部分倒装情况 部分倒装一般是把句子谓语的一部分(主要是助动词或系动词)放到句子主语前,构成部分倒装,而全部倒装则把句子的谓语(包括实义动词)都放在主语前 1.下列否定词及含有否定意义的词组修饰状语时,若置于句首,句子的主谓要部分倒装: never, no, neither, not only, hardly, scarcely, little, seldom, rarely, not until, nowhere, at no time, on no account, in no respect, in no sense, by no means, in vain, still less。如: Not only is its direct attack on their discipline, it bypasses the essence of what sociologists focus on. Under no circumstances should we do anything that will benefit ourselves but harm the interests of the state. (1985年考研题) 注:1)如果谓语动词是单个实义动词,倒装时需根据人称和时态加助动词do。如: Little did we expect that he would fulfill his task so rapidly. (1983年考研题) 2)考生要广义理解“句首”的概念,注意从句的句首和并列分句的句首均为句首。如: Suddenly, Gallup’s name was on everyone’s lips; not only was he the prophet of the moment, but it was generally believed that he had founded a new and most important method of prediction. 2.以only修饰状语(副词,介词短语,状语从句)开头的句子,句子的主谓要部分倒装: only then, only at that time, only once, only in this way, only with, only through, only by, only when, only after, only because。如: Only when you have obtained sufficient data come to a sound conclusion. [A]can you [B]would you [C]you will [D]you can 3.以下列副词或短语开头的句子,句子的主谓要部分倒装: often, so, well, to such a degree, to such an extent, to such extremes, to such a point, many a time。如: So involved with their computers that leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games. [A]became the children [B]become the children [C]had the children become [D]do the children become (2001年考研题,答案为D) 4.比较从句的倒装: as, than引导的比较从句中,如果主语是名词短语且较长,经常采用倒装结构(不倒装也可以)。注意:这种结构主语一般为名词,如果是代词则不倒装。如: Hydrogen burns much more cleanly than do other fuels and is easy to produce. Today’s electuic cars cannot go as fast as gasoline-driven vehicles because the battery does not offer the same amount of energy as does gasoline combustion. Reading is to the mind as is exercise to the body. 5.用于前面所说的情况也适用于另一人(物)的肯定句或否定句中的倒装 1) 肯定重复倒装用:so They have got up, and so has jack 2) 否定重复倒装用:nor, neither, no more If you don’t agree to our plan, neither will they 6.“not only..but also”结构时,如果not only 放在句首,则前半句but (also)句子后面不倒装 Not only did we lose all our money, but we also came close to being broke. 三. 特殊的倒装结构 特殊形式的倒装结构是指句子虽然是倒装结构,但不是主谓倒装,而往往是出于强调的需要,把强调部分移到句首,而其它部分顺序不需要改变,句子主谓不需要倒装。出现这样的情况有以下几种可能: 1.让步从句的倒装。 1)as引导让步状语从句,必须采用倒装结构,但不是主谓倒装,而是将被强调的内容置于句首。如: Much as I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equal her, in thoroughness, whatever the job. Brave as they are, they are afraid of fight 2).出现在句型be+主语+其他,come what may中。如: While it’s true that we all need a career, preferably a profitable one, it is equally true that our civilization has accumulated an incredible amount of knowledge—be it scientific or artistic. The business of each day selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly. [A] it being [B] be it [C] was it [D] it was (答案为B) 3) no matter how(who…);however引导的让步状语从句必须采用倒装结构,但不是主谓倒装,而是将被强调的内容置于句首。如: No matter how busy he is , he has to attend the meeting However cold it is , he always goes swimming.
语法测试
1.She said that she __ much progress since she came here.
A. makes B. made C. have made D had made
2. “What’s the matter, Ali? You look sad." “Oh, nothing much. As a matter of fact, I my friends back home."
A. just thought B. have just been thinking C. was just thinking D. have just thought
3. She on this essay for twenty minutes but she has written only about a hundred words.
A. will be working B. worked C. has been working D. will have worked
4. The committee will not make the decision until it the matter.
A. has investigated B.investigates C. will have investigated D. investigated
5. Carey didn't go to the party last night because she the baby for her sister until 9:30.
A. must have looked after B. would have to look after C. had to look after D. should have looked after
6. four years since John left school.
A. They have been B. It is C. It was D. Those are
7.The car at the present speed until it reaches the foot of the mountain at about 4 o' clock this afternoon.
A. has gone B. has not gone C will be going D. has been going
8. By the time you arrive in London, we __ in Europe for two weeks.
A. shall stay B. have stayed C. will have stayed D. have been staying
9. Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed .
A. had produced B. have been produced C. would have produced D. had been produced
10. The president __ the delegation at the airport but he was taken ill last night, so the vice-president is going to instead. A. is to meet B. was to meet C. has been to meet D. was to have met
语法测题答案与详解
1.(D) 根据时态一致的原则,间接引语(或宾语从句)的时态应与主句的时态一致。该句中said是过去时所以that引导的宾语从句中也要用过去的某一种时态,而从句中since引导的时间状语从句表明其应为完 成时态,故应用过去完成时态。
2.(C) 通过上下文可以判定Ali看起来很难受很伤心,是因为刚才在进行的事情所导致的,所以用过去进行时较好,故(C)是正确答案。
3.(C) 根据句意和时间状语for twenty minutes,可以判断这里应填入现在完成时态,现在完成进行时是现在完成时态的强调形式,并且选项中没有现在完成时态,所以(C)是正确答案。
4.(A) 句意表明委员会是在调查事件之后才会做出决定,调查应发生在决定之前,所以应用将来完成时态,但是在英语中,时间条件状语从句中的将来完成时态是由现在完成时来表示的,所以正确答案是(A)。
5.(C) 从上下文的逻辑意义看,(C)项是唯一的正确答案。Carey没有参加晚会,原因是给她姐姐照看小孩子。而(A)和(D)表示对过去发生的事情根据客观情况作出主观推断:(A)作“准是看孩子了”讲;(D)作 “本应该看孩子”讲,都不对,而(B)表示动作发生在过去的将来,也不对,所以只有(C)正确。
6.(B) 这是一个固定结构(或句型)。本句也可说在"Four years have passed since John left school.”或“has been four years sinceJohn left schoo1.’’
7.(C) until引导的时间状语从句用了一般现在时表示将来的意思,主句因此必须用一般将来时与之呼应,口语中常用将来进行时代替一般将来时表示预料即将发生或肯定发生的事,也可表示某件事已经决定了。本句完全可以用will go 因此,正确答案是(C)。 ?
8.(C) by the time引导的时间状语从句中若谓语动词用现在时,则主句要用将来完成时;若谓语动词用过去时,则主句要用过去完成时,有时也可以用过去将来完成时。这样,本道题目的正确答案是(C)。
9.(D) 有具体表示过去某一时间段内业已发生的事件的时间状语,句子应该用过去完成时。
10.(B) 由第一个句子中的but引导的转折句中所用的过去时,可以判断总统本要在机场接见代表团,表示计划要做某事在英语中可以用be+动词不定式来表达,故正确答案是B)。
从2002年起,研究生英语考试取消了语法、词汇等基础知识的考查,将此部分改考为听力。但取消了此部分知识点的考查并不意味着英语语法等基础知识的不重要。根据以往英语取得高分同学的经验和海文英语辅导名师的建议,他们都一致认为英语语法和词汇是学好、考好英语的重要基础,其实完形填空是对语法、词汇的综合考查,但更关键的是学好此部分有助于对英语句子结构的分析和理解,有助于学生掌握灵活多变的句式,这样不仅有助于学生做好阅读理解,而且有助于学生做好英译汉,写好作文。 (一)情态动词 一.情态动词的现在完成式的用法 情态动词现在完成式主要有两个功能:表示已经发生的情况和表示虚拟语气。在这两个方面must/mustn’t,;can/cann’t;need/needn’t;may/mayn’t;might/mightn’t;should/shouldn’t; ougtht等情态动词+完成式表示的意思是有一定区别的 1.表示已经发生的情况。 1)must have+过去分词,表示对已发生情况的肯定推测,译为“(昨天)一定……”。如: My pain apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically:” Are you feeling all right?” [A] must be [B] had been [C] must have been [D] had to be (答案为C) 2)can’t / couldn’t have+过去分词,表示对已发生情况的否定推测,译为“(昨天)一定没……”。如: Mary my letter; otherwise she would have replied before now. [A] couldn’t have received [B] ought to have received [C] has received [D] shouldn’t have received (答案为A) 3)may / might have +过去分词,表示对已发生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推测,或事实上根本没发生,译为“也许……”。如: At Florida Power’s Crystal River plant, a potentially serious leakage of radioactive water may have been unknowingly caused by an electrician. 2.表示虚拟语气。 1) needn’t have + 过去分词,表示做了不必做的事,相当于”didn’t need to do”,译为“其实没必要……”。如: You needn’t have come over yourself. As it turned out to be a small house party, we so formally. [A] needn’t dress up [B]did not need have dressed up [C] did not need dress up [D] needn’t have dressed up (没有必要穿的那么正式,体现是说话者的建议,实际结果是否真的穿的很正式没有确定,答案为D) 2)should have +过去分词,表示应该做某事但实际上未做,译为“本应该……”should not + have过去分词表示本不应该做某事但实际上做了,译为“本不应该……”。如: I regret having left the work unfinished; I should have planned everything ahead carefully. 我本来应该事先认真地把每件事情规划的很好,但实际上作者还是没有规划好,以至工作没有完成。 3) ought to have +过去分词,表示动作按理该发生了,但实际上未发生,译为“该……”,与should 的完成式含义类似。如: The porter ought to have called the fire-brigade as soon as he saw the fire in the stock, which went up in smoke . 4) could have +过去分词,表示过去本来可以做但却未做,译为“完全可以……”。这点与ought/should/ have +过去分词用法相似。如: What you said is right, but you could have phrased it more tactfully. 5) may/ might have +过去分词,表示过去可以做但实际未做,译为“(那样)也许会……”。如: It might have been better to include more punchy statistics and photos of equipment in the introduction to further assist first-time office automation managers. 二.几个情态动词常考的句型: 1).may/might (just) as well “不妨,最好”,与had better相近; Since the flight was cancelled, you might as well go by train. 既然航班已经取消了,你不妨乘火车吧。相当于you had better go by train。 2) .cannot / can’t…too …“越……越好,怎么也不过分”。注意这个句型的变体cannot…over….如: You cannot be too careful when you drive a car.驾车时候,越小心越好。 The final chapter covers organizational change and development. This subject cannot be over emphasized . 3) .usedn’t 或did’t use to 为used to (do) 的否定式。 4).should 除了“应该”一层意思外,考研大纲还规定要掌握其“竟然”的意思。如:I didn’t expect that he should have behaved like that. 我无法想象他竟然这样做。 三.情态动词被动关系的主动表达法 1. want, require, worth(形容词)后面接doing也可以表示被动意义。 Your hair wants cutting The book is worth reading The floor requires washing. 2.need既可以用need to be done 也可以使用need doing ,两种形式都表达被动的意义 The house needs painting= the house needs to be painted. The watch needed repairing= the watch needed to be repaired. (二) 形容词、副词及比较级最高级 一.形容词的修饰与位置 一般来说,从构词法角度来看,后缀”ly”往往是副词,但有的以“ly’结尾的词是形容词而不是副词,这点要注意;形容词一般可以在句子中做定语,表语等成份,但有些形容词在句子中只能做表语和只能做前置定语;这些形容词在修饰时候有一定的特殊性要引起大家的注意,下面做了一下归纳: 1 以-ly结尾的是形容词而不是副词: costly 昂贵的 lonely 孤独的 deadly 死一般的 lively 活泼的 friendly 友好的 silly 傻气的 kindly 热心肠的 likely 可能的 leisurely 悠闲的 ugly 长得丑的 brotherly 兄弟般的 monthly 每月的 earthly 尘世的 2 只作以“a”开头的很多形容词只能做表语: afraid 害怕的 alike 相象的 awake 醒着的 alone 单独的,惟一的 alive 活着的 ashamed 羞愧的 asleep 睡着的 aware 意识到的、察觉到的 well 健康的 content 满意的 unable 无能的 3 只作前置定语的形容词 earthen 泥土做的,大地的 daily 每日的 latter 后面的 golden 金子般的 weekly 每周的 inner 里面的 silken 丝一般的 monthly 每月的 outer 外面的 wooden 木制的 yearly 每年的 elder 年长的 woolen 毛织的 former 前任的 mere 仅,只不过 only 惟一的 sheer 纯粹的 very 恰好的 little 小的 live 活的 4.下列动词既是实义动词又是系动词,注意用做系动词时,要求形容词做表语: remain keep become, get, grow, go, come, turn, stay, stand, run, prove, seem, appear, look。 如:All those left undone may sound great in theory, but even the truest believer has great difficulty when it comes to specifics. 二.形容词与副词的比较级与最高级 1. 考比较级时,考生应把握: 1)形容词和副词比较级的形式是否和比较连词对应出现,即是否符合原级比较及比较级的结构。如: Do you enjoy listening to records? I find records are often , or better than an actual performance. [A]as good as [B]as good [C]good [D]good as 在这里as good as 比较连词与better than比较连词同时出现时候,不能省略任何一个介词。答案为A On the whole, ambitious students are more likely to succeed in their studies than are those with little ambition. 2)比较的成分是否属于同类事物或同类概念,既是说比较要具有可比性。如: The number of registered participants in this year’s marathon was half . [A] of last year’s [B]those of last year’s [C]of those of last year [D] that of last year’s (前后相比的应该是今年和去年注册参加的人数“the number of”故代替它的应该是单数指示代词“that”,而不能选择B,those是指代participants,不是同类对比,答案为D。 Young readers, more often than not, find the novels of dickens far more exciting than Thackeray’s. 3)比较级与倍数词关系及其位置 原级结构中可插入表达倍数的词,表示为“为….若干倍”,当与有表示倍数比较的词在一起时候等,他们的位置是,倍数词+as…as…,或倍数词+more…than…,但again一般放在原级词之后,即 “as+原级+again+as”.如: Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills people each year than automobile accidents. [A] seven more times [B] seven times more [C] over seven times [D] seven times (答案为B) “Do you regret paying five hundred dollars for the painting?”“No, I would gladly have paid for it.” [A] twice so much [B] twice as much [C] as much twice [D] so much twice (答案为B) My uncle is as old again as I am 4)下列词和短语不用比较级形式却表示比较概念: inferior, minor, senior, prior, prefer to, superior, major, junior, preferable, differ from, compared with, in comparison with, different from, rather than. 如: Their watch is to all the other watches on the market. [A] superior [B] advantageous [C] super [D] beneficial (答案为A) Prior to his departure, he addressed a letter to his daughter. (1986年考研题) 5)“比较级+and +比较级”或“more and more/less and less +原级”以及“ever, steadily, daily等副词+比较级”结构表示“越来越……”的意思,与这类结构搭配的常用动词有grow, get ,become等。前面两种情况更多地出现在进行时态中,注意的是这三种情况引导的比较级后面都不需要用than.如: Things are getting worse and worse. As I spoke to him he became less and less angry. Her health was becoming daily worse The road got ever worse until there was no road at all = the road got worse and worse. 6)比较级前面可以用even, still, yet ,all the (more)等修饰语用以加强语气,表示“更加”的意思。如 Today it is even colder than yesterday I have yet more exciting news for you 7) 有关比较级的特殊句型: A): not so much…as…与其说……不如说…… The chief reason for the population growth isn’t so much a rise in birth rates a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care. [A] and [B] as [C]but [D] or 人口增长的主要原因与其说是因为出生率的提高,还不如说是因为医疗的进步带来的死亡率下降的结果。答案为B B) no/not any more…than…两者一样都不…… The heart is intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain. [A] not so [B]not much [C]much more [D] no more (心脏和胃两者都不具有智力,他们都受大脑控制。答案为D) There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, they can limit how much water you drink. [A] much more than [B] no more than [C] no less than [D] any more than (答案为D) C)no/not any less…than…两者一样,都……注意基本上与no/not any more…than意思相反 She is no less beautiful than her sister.她和她姐姐一样漂亮 D)just as… so… 正如……, ……也……(用倒装结构) Just as the soil is a part of the earth, the atmosphere. [A] as it is [B] the same is [C] so is [D] and so is (答案为C) 2.最高级形式应注意的问题: 1)最高级比较范围用介词in, over, of, among。 in, (all) over用于在某一范围内的比较,如:in China, all over the world. of, among用于在同一群体内同类事物的比较,如:among the teachers, of the four dresses. 注意:among…相当于one of …,不说among all…。这一点考生应与汉语表达区别开来 如: all visible lights, red light has the longest and violet the shortest wavelength. [A] Among [B] Of [C]For [D]To 答案为[B] 2)比较级形式表示最高级意义时,比较对象的范围应用: any other +单数名词 the other +复数名词 the others anyone/anything else 上述词是用业将比较级结构转变成最高级意义的关键词语,切不可遗漏,尤其是other,否则会造成逻辑混乱的错误。如不能说:John runs faster than anyone.注意与汉语表达的不同。 3)most可以用来修饰形容词或副词,意思相当于very,用法区分单复数,但不能用定冠词the,如:a most interesting book, most expensive restaurants, 要注意与 “the +形容词最高级+of + 名词”的结构表示的最高级的区别,如: He spoke in the warmest of voices They have been most kind to me Basketball is the most popular of sports in this country. Chinese is the most difficult of language Chinese is a most difficult language 三.不用比较级和最高级的形容词: 1)表示颜色的有:white, black 2)表示形态的有:round, square, oval, circular, triangular(三角形),level 3)表示性质和特征的有:atomic, economic, scientific, sonic, golden, silvery, woolen, earthen, silent, full, empty, sure, dead, deaf, blind, lame, rainy 4)表示状态作表语的有:afraid, asleep, alive, ashamed, alone, aware, alike 5)表示时间、空间和方位的有:daily, weekly, monthly, annual, present, front, back, forward, backward, east, west, south, north, left, right, final 6)表示极限、主次、等级的有:maximum, minimum, utmost, main, major, chief minor, superior, inferior, senior, junior, super, favorite 7)含有绝对概念的有:absolute, entire, whole, total, perfect, excellent, thorough, complete. 四.平行结构与比较级 平行结构很多情况下是由形容词或副词的比较级或者暗含比较意味的连词引导的。如: The ideal listener stays both inside and outside the music at the moment it is played and enjoys it almost as much as the composer at the moment he composes. 大多数情况下平行结构都是具有一定的比较含义的,有的是递进对比not only…but (also) ;prefer…to…;rather than有的是同类对比:and ;but;or;both… and…;either…or…; neither…nor….. 平行结构测试时候注意以下几点: 1.注意比较结构中相比较的内容在语法形式上是否相同。如: It is better to die one’s feet than . [A]living on one’s knees [B]live on one’s knees [C]on one’s knees [D]to live on one’s knees (答案为D) Despite the temporary difficulties, the manager prefers increasing the output to decreasing it. 2.其他具有并列或比较意义的短语也可引导平行结构。 1)rather than, let alone 虽不是并列连词,但在结构上连接两个语法形式相同的成分。如: We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style in a personal style. [A]rather than [B]other than [C]better than [D]less than 答案为A For the new country to survive, for its people to enjoy prosperity, new economic policies will be required. [A] to name a few [B]let alone [C]not to speak [D]let’s say (答案为B) 2)如果平行的两个成分在形式上是介词短语,而且介词相同,一般说来第二个介词不要省略。如: At times, more care goes into the composition of newspaper and magazine advertisements than into the writing of the features and editorials. (三)代词及其指代一致 一.代词的指代 1.that的指代作用 that指代不可数名词和单数可数名词(如是复数,用those),后面通常跟有修饰语,如出现在比较结构中的that of。如 Conversation calls for a willingness to alternate the role of speaker with that of listener, and it calls for occasional “digestive pauses” by both.这里that指代前面的the role。 No bread eaten by men is so sweet as that earned by his own labor. 2.one的指代作用 one指代带不定冠词的单数可数名词,复数为ones。the one指代带定冠词的单数可数名词。如: A good writer is who can express the commonplace in an uncommon way. [A] that [B]he [C]one [D]this 答案为[C] 3.do的替代作用。 do代替动词,注意数和时态的变化。如: For him to be re-elected, what is essential is not that his policy works , but that the public believe that it does. 二.代词指代一致问题 代词指代一致是指指代的名词在性、数、格上是否一致,或者所照应的名词词组在某些方面保持一致。 Each cigarette a person smokes does some harm, and eventually he may get a serious disease form its effect. 这里he指代前面的person。 It was during the 1920’s that the friendship between the two American writers Hemingway and Fitzgerald reached its highest point. 这里its指代前面的两人的friendship。 Our department was monitored by two supervisors, Bill and me. 这里me必须用宾格形式。 代词指代一致必须注意以下几个原则和规律: 1.邻近和靠近原则 由either … or, neither…nor, not only…but (also)连接先行词时候,如果两个先行词在数和性上保持一致,就用其相应的一直的人称代词;如果两个先行词在数或性上不一致,人称代词一般与邻近的先行词在数和性上保持一致。 Neither Mary nor Alice has her key with her. Neither the package nor the letters have reached their destination If either David or Janet comes , he or she will want a drink 2.当no one, everyone, each,everybody, none ,anybody, someone, somebody用作主语或主语的限定词时候,或者anything, nothing, something everything等不定代词作主语时候,其相应的代词一般按照语法一致原则,采取单数形式。如: Everybody talked at the top of his voice. None of the boys can do it , can he? Everything is ready, isn’t it? 3.当主语为复数形式,后跟each作同位语时,如果each位于动词之前,其后的代词或相应的限定词用复数形式;如果 each位于动词之后,其后的代词或相应的限定词用单数形式。如: They each have two coats we are each responsible for his own family 4.由and连接两个先行词,代词用复数 如:the tourist and businessmen lost their luggage in the accident
2006年2月13日
一些翻译
crush on v,热恋、迷恋
ask sb out请去作客,邀请外出,尤其指约会
try not to let my intense vulnerability become any kind of a factor here 这句话很妙,“不要让我的脆弱成为影响这个问题的因素”,就是说不要因为考虑到我的感受而影响你对这个问题(是否愿意和我约会)做出的回答。
2005年3月14日
倒装:倒装有全部倒装和部分倒装。
谓语部分所有单词都放在主语前是全部倒装。谓语的一部分放在主语的前面是部分倒装。
谓语中的一部分通常是指:1、系动词;2、助动词;3、情态动词。
全部倒装的五条原则:
1. There be句型(表示有);
2. 以There或now开头的句子,且句子谓语动词为come或go; There you go again. 你又去那里了。 3. 以Here开头的句子,且句子谓语动词为系动词be; Here you are. 拿去。
4. 以副词out, in, up, down, away开头的句子; 在2、3、4前提下,如果句子的主语是代词则用陈述句语序。
5. 以状语(常见的是地点状语)开头的句子。
部分倒装的六条原则:
1. so放在句首时表示承前肯定,这个句子用部分倒装; nor, neither放在句首时表示承前否定,句子也用部分倒装;
2. 省略了引导词if 的虚拟条件从句,可以把从句中的had, should, could, were中的任何一个提到从句最前面的位置,构成部分倒装;
3. as, though表示“尽管”时引导从句,从句中的表语可以置于引导词之前构成部分倒装; 系动词后面的部分就是表语,形容词、名词、名词性短语可以置于系动词之后。 例如:She is beautiful. They are students. 四级考试中出现的是由动词的过去分词转变的形容词作表语的形式。
4. 表示否定含义的单词或短语放在句首,句子用部分倒装;
5. only + 状语放在句首,句子用部分倒装;(如果only去掉就是全部倒装)
6. 注意两个表达形式:come what may 无论发生什么情况; say what you will 畅所欲言。强调句式的补充内容:被强调部分是疑问词时的情况。
本期重点单词:
freshmen 新生; make up for 弥补,补偿; make-up tests 补考(缓考)
2005年3月9日
now that 既然,由于(相当于since); ever since 自从…以来。 与that搭配且后面可以加句子的几个表达形式: now that 既然,由于; in that 因为; except that 除…之外。 except后面加名词或代词;except that后面加句子。
be attached to 连接,附属; This school is attached to Beida. 这所学校附属于北大。 responsible to 对…负有责任; resistant adj. 反抗的,抵抗的; water resistant 防水的。 be contrary to 与..相反(相违背)。
regret doing 后悔做过某事; regret to do sth. 遗憾的做某事(应用语境非常有限)。
out of work 失业; out of reach 够不着 within reach 够得着; out of practice 缺乏练习。
in spite of 尽管; carry on 坚持,继续。
be supposed to do sth. 应该(理应)做某事。
regard as 把…认作
treat 对待,处理; I’ll treat you. 我请客,应用于真正请客之前。It’s on me. 应用于结帐时。 adjust vt. 调整,调节; adopt vt. 收养,领养; remedy vt. 弥补,补救,修正;
yields 产量; work out 作出,推出 关于百分数之前介词的用法 increase to 80 percent 增加到80% (增加到用to) increase by 60 percent增加了60% (表示增加的幅度用by)
spoil vt. 宠坏,溺爱
take over 接管接收; hand over 移交,交出; think over 仔细考虑; get over 克服,战胜。
2005年3月8日
独立主格结构还需要多研究一下:
非谓语动词与独立主格:短语,句子(或者句子.短语)
1.当短语部分有独立主语,并且该主语不同于句子主语,这时短语结构称为独立主格。 (它最明显的特点是短语部分有独立的主语)。
独立主格的结构1:名词(代词)+ 分词 [现在分词、过去分词]
现在分词表示主动的,正在进行的行为;过去分词表示被动的,已经完成的行为。
作题时要通过判断动作与名词(代词)之间的关系来确定是使用现在分词还是过去分词。
当动作由名词(代词)发出时使用现在分词,而名词(代词)是受动者时则用过去分词。
独立主格的结构2:with + 名词(代词)+ 分词 [句子当中作状语]
2.短语部分没有独立主语,则短语结构称为非谓语动词。
非谓语动词的结构:分词(分词短语)
句子的主语决定非谓语动词中的分词是用主动还是被动形式。
如果是句子的主语发出动作,则使用现在分词;
如果动作不是由句子的主语发出,则使用过去分词。
本期重点单词解释:
call off 取消; cancel vt. 取消;
四级中的考点就是现在分词和过去分词的区别。
as well as 和(相当于and);
be encouraged不会考。
动词不定式有预示将来行为的含义。
to be encouraged 将要被鼓励;
been encouraged 已经被鼓励完了,与主句的谓语动词相对;
being encouraged 正在被鼓励
perform vt. 表演,演出,演奏;
to be performed 将要被演奏; being performed 正在被演奏;
一些特殊的动词:
第一点:
forget 忘记; [反义] remember 记得;
这两个词后加动词不定式表示将要进行的行为;这两个词后加动词ing形式表示已经做过的事情。
注意:动名词与现在分词形式一样,但含义不同。这两个词后加动词ing形式都是动名词。 forget to do sth. 忘记要去做某事; forget doing sth. 忘记做过某事;
remember to do sth. 记得要去做某事; remember doing sth. 记得做过某事;
offer vt. 提出,提供; offer sb. sth. / offer to do sth.
him once offering 如果改成 his once offering 也正确。
动名词的复合结构:凡是一个动词的后面可以加动名词,就可以加动名词的复合结构。
动作发出者 + 动名词;当动作发出者名字给出时:名词所有格 + 动名词;
当动名词的复合结构在文章中出现,且动作发出者在前文中提过时:形容词物主代词(宾格)+ 动名词。
形容词物主代词:his, her, my, your, their, our。代词宾格:him, her, me, you, us, them。
第二点:
want 想要; want to do sth. 想做某事; want doing 客观需要或缺乏。
注意:want doing 中doing表示的是被动含义。
第三点:
mean 意味; mean to do sth. 打算做某事,意欲… ;
mean doing 意味着,…的意思是…
watch 看电视用,看比赛用; see 看电影用;
感官动词watch, see, hear; 感官动词 + 名词(代词)+ do
be erected 强调的是动作的结果; being erected 强调的是动作的过程。
give up 放弃; give in 屈服,让步; give off 释放,放出(烟和气体);
give away 泄露,走漏风声;婚礼中新郎的父亲把新娘的手交给新郎的过程;赠送礼品。
keep sb. + 分词; inform v. 通知,告知; inform sb. of sth. 通知某人某件事情
keep me informed 使我被告知。
fight with sb. (注意要看整个句子); fight with + 工具 用该工具来打仗。 fight for 为…而战。
I fight with him. 我和他打起来了。 I fight with him against her. 我和他并肩对付她。
all in all 总而言之;
above all 首先,尤其是;
after all 毕竟,终究;
overall 全面的,总体的
in a word 总之,in short 简而言之,in conclusion 最后,总之,to sum up总之,总而言之。
四级听力短对话十大场景——邮局场景 post / send / mail 寄 letter / mail 信 registered mail 挂号信 regular mail 平信 airmail 航空信 postcard 明信片 parcel / package 包裹 telegram / cable 电报 rate 费率 overweight 超重 postage 邮资 email 电子邮件 reply 回复 forward 转发 cc(carbon copy) 抄送 bcc(blind carbon copy)秘密抄送 subject 主题 attach 附件
2005年3月4日
四级短对话十大场景——机场场景 plane / craft 飞机 book 订票 timetable 时间表 destination 目的地 open ticket one way ticket 单程票 round trip ticket 来回票 non-stop / direct flight 直航 transfer / lay over / stop over 转机 first / business / economy cabin 头等 / 商务 / 经济 舱 confirm the flight 确认航班 check in 登记 boarding card 登机牌 security check 安检 see off 送行 送别时的祝语 keep in touch 保持联系 safe landing 安全着陆 board 登机 take off 起飞 departure 离港 safety / sect belt 安全带 land 着陆 arrival 进港
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