又是一年考研时

这个周末是考研日，想必各个高校这些考生刚从教室涌出来，然后，渐渐消散在严寒的夜色中。前天去奉贤监考坐校车，看到上师大门口高悬一红色横幅：“考生们辛苦了！”

刚刚看报道说今年考研人数达到历史新高的140万。心下感叹，五六年前，刚毕业出来时候，自己不也是其中一员么？

这考研的千军万马中，有多少是因为学术的热情而打算继续深造的呢？

有多少是因迷茫，想暂时归避一下步入社会的压力而考的呢？

有多少就是为了以往的遗憾而考的呢？

是的，从小学，初中，高中，大学我们一直考着过来，于是接着考好像也不是问题。

现在，高学历就业难，已经是趋势了，现在为什么大家还这样赶考呢？

现在，研究生教育因各种原因，质量难以保证，‘学不到什么东西’已不是秘密了，为什么还考呢？

也许，这几千年下来的科举制，给我们留下太多的积淀。我们数千年来，一直在考试制度的完备方面，在公平方面，在对待考试的重视程度方面，在世界上都是首屈一指的。于是，有颜如玉黄金屋之说，有‘赢得英雄尽白头’，有范进中举。整个社会对‘读书’的尊崇，对‘考试’这一形式的迷信（无论如何诟病），四处都仍能感觉到。

也许，我们人太多，学生太多，我们在学校呆得越长，呆过我们的青春，是一种美妙而安逸的方式。（德国的高校就放养这一批这样的学生）。

现在博士都太低了，我们可以让政府再加一个比如‘广士’这样的学位，学制8年，出来月薪5000，直接副教授级别。我相信，如果这样，今考‘广士’的人也断然不会少。政府就业压力也会大为下降。

或者，我们来个盖的：最高学位‘史士’！得读完前面的所有学位，学制50年，直接进入中国国家院士，享受国家一级津贴，逝世可荣葬于七宝山。

考吧，有像蒲松龄，范进这样的先人在鼓励着咱们！

于是，考试成为‘上进’的象征，再怎么没方向，去考试总是个办法。我们考试，成了我们存在的方式，‘我考故我在’。

于是，平时再怎么不用功学习，考试前的复习时的拼命精神，绝对不亚于任何先贤。

于是，我们考考考，考火了考试中心，考火考试培训市场，考火了中国的考试经济；

我们考考考，考出了名堂（或者考丢了名堂），考出了信心，考出了前途，也考出了新天地！

考考考！

 

林译：《浮生六记》二

按：

偶尔看文章，国家文化部想大力宣传本族文化，推广‘文化产品’，于是乎大力扶持文化翻译事业。这动机和在国外四处设“孔子学院”差不多，只是本人一直怀疑有没有合适的人做这项。按照翻译情况而言，国人大多做英译汉，毕竟译入语最好是母语，汉译英得让国外人来做。可是又有多少合适的外国人能且愿做的呢？翻译的质量得不到保证，不如不翻。杨宪益先生刚刚去世，他是文学翻译的巨擘，而且，他有一位贤内助（这不是人人可得的）。

言及此，不由的感慨，几十年下来，外国人了解我们还是找林语堂，塞珍珠等，如今学外语热潮滚滚，但甚嚣尘上的，却是只个利字，可惜文学翻译又是翻译中的最穷的，一千字能给80就不错了。（而其它，比如做专利翻译或法律翻译的则是数百，甚至一字一块）。

记得自己数年前，送一本林语堂的〈吾国吾民〉给一位美国教授，我还自信写道：“比这本书更好的，还在后头。”在哪儿呢？后学者不得不赧颜相对。

前阵换工作，比较忙，今天趁周末，再续上前篇。所谓‘悲莫悲过生别离’，黯然销魂之际，则至为感人。先呈上原文，后面对上林译，精彩部分有标记。

忆妾唱随二十三年，蒙君错爱，百凡体恤，不以顽劣见弃，知己如君，得婿如此，妾已此生无憾！若布衣暖，菜饭饱，一室雍雍，优游泉石，如沧浪亭、萧爽楼之处境，真成烟火神仙矣。神仙几世才能修到，我辈何人，敢望神仙耶？强而求 之，致干造物之忌，即有情魔之扰。总因君太多情，妾生薄命耳！”

因又呜咽而言曰：“人生百年，终归一死。今中道相离，忽焉长别，不能终奉箕帚、 目睹逢森娶妇，此心实觉耿耿。”言已，泪落如豆。余勉强慰之曰：“卿病八年，恹恹欲绝者屡矣，今何忽作断肠语耶？”

芸曰：“连日梦我父母放舟来接，闭目即飘然上下，如行云雾中，殆魂离而躯壳存乎？”

余曰：“此神不收舍，服以补剂，静心调养，自能安痊。”

芸又唏嘘曰：“妾若稍有生机—线，断不敢惊君听闻。今冥路已近，苟再不言，言无日矣．君之不得亲心，流离 颠沛，皆由妾故，妾死则亲心自可挽回，君亦可免牵挂。堂上春秋高矣，妾死，君宜早归。如无力携妾骸骨归，不妨暂居于此，待君将来可耳。愿君另续德容兼备者，以奉双亲，抚我遗子，妾亦瞑目矣。”言至此，痛肠欲裂，不觉惨然大恸。

余曰：“卿果中道相舍，断无再续之理，况‘曾经沧海难为水，除却巫山不是云’耳。”芸乃执余手而更欲有言，仅断续叠言“来世”二宇，忽发喘口噤，两目瞪视，千呼万唤已不能言。痛泪两行，涔涔流溢．既而喘沥微，泪渐干，一灵缥缈，竟尔长逝！时嘉庆癸亥三月三十日也。当是时，孤灯一盏，举目无亲，两手空拳，寸心欲碎。绵绵此恨，曷其有极！

     承吾友胡省堂以十金为助，余尽室中所有，变卖一空，亲为成殓。呜呼！芸一女流，具男子之襟怀才识。归吾门后，余日奔走衣食，中馈缺乏，芸能纤悉不介意。及余家居，惟以文字相辩析而已。卒之疾病颠连，赍恨以没，谁致之耶？余有负闺中良友，又何可胜道哉？！奉劝世间夫妇，固不可彼此相仇，亦不可过于情笃。话云“恩爱夫妻不到头”，如余者，可作前车之鉴也。

As I look back upon the twenty-three years of our maried life, I know that you have loved me and been most considerate to me in spite of all my faults. I am happy to die with a husband and understanding friend like you and I have no regrets. Yes, I have been as happy as a fairy at times, with my warm cotton clothing and frugal but full meals and the happy home we had. Do you remember how we used to enjoy ourselves amongst springs and rocks, as at the Tsanglang Pavilion and the Hsiaoshunglou? But who are we to enjoy the good luck of a fairy, of which only those are worthy who have lived a virtuous life from incarnation to incarnation? We had, therefore, offended the Creator by trying to snatch a happiness that was above our lot; hence our various earthly troubles. It all comes of your too great love, bestowed upon one who is ill-fated and unworthy of this happiness.”

After a while she spoke again amidst sobs, “ every one has to die once. My only regret is, we have to part half-way from each other for ever, and I am not able to be your wife until the end of your days and see with my own eyes the wedding of Fengsen.” After saying this, tears rolled down her cheeks as big as peas. I tried to comfort her by saying, “ You have been ill for eight years, and this is not the first time that you are in a critical condition. Why do you suddenly say such heart-breaking words?”

“ I have been dreaming lately, ” she said, “of my parents who have sent a boat to welcome me home. Whenever I close my eyes, I feel my body is so light, so light like one walking among the clouds. It seems that my spirit has already departed and only my body remains.”

“This is the effect of your extreme weakness,” I said. “If you will take some tonic and rest yourself properly, I am sure you will get well.”

Then Yun sighed again and again, “ If there were the slightest ray of hope, I would not have told you all these things. But now death is approaching and it is high time I spoke my mind. I know you have displeased your parents all on my account; therefore when I die, your parents’ attitude will change around, and you yourself will feel more at ease toward your parents. You know they are already very old, and when I die, you should return to them as soon as possible. If you cannot bring my remains back to the native district for burial, you can temporarily keep my coffin here and then see to its removal afterwards. I hope you will find another one who is both beautiful and good to take my place and serve our parents and bring up my children, and then I shall die content.” At this point, she broke down completely and fell to weeping as if her bowels had been cut through.

“Even if you should leave me half-way like this, ” I said, “ I shall never maryy again. Besides, ‘it is difficult to be water for one who has seen the great seas and difficult to be clouds for one who has seen the Yangtze Gorges.’”

Then Yun held my hand and was going to say something again, but she could only mumble the words “Next incarnation!” half audibly again and again. Suddenly she began to feel short of breath, her chin was set, her eyes stared wide open, and however I called her name, she could not utter a single word. Tow lines of tears kept on rolling down her cheeks. After a while, her breath became weaker, her tears gradually dried up and her spirit departed from this life for ever. This was on the thirtieth of the third moon, 1803. A solitary lamp was shining then in the room, and a sense of utter forlorneness overcame me. In my heart opened a wound that shall be healed nevermore!

My friend Hu Kentang kindly helped me with ten dollars, and together with this and what I could obtain by selling all I had in the house, I saw to her proper burial.

Alas! Yun was a woman with the heart and talent of a man. From the time she was married into my home, I had been forced to run about abroad for a living, while she was left without sufficient money, and she never said a word of complaint. When I could stay at home, our sole occupation was the discussion of books and literature. She died in poverty and sickness without being able to see her own children, and who was to blame but myself? How could I ever express the debt I owe to a good chamber companion? I should like urge upon all married couples in the world neither to hate nor to be too passionately attached to each other. As the proverb says, “ A loving couple could never reach grand old age together. ” Mine is a case in point.

评：

古人(其实隔现在也只有200年)婚嫁早，小夫妻依傍父母，开始日子还挺甜密。可是到中年，家道中落，沈三白四处飘零做幕僚，也即字奴，给做官出主意，写文书之类。那时，大家庭矛盾多，小两口渐不容于父母，竟至被赶到外面寄宿，以至于客死他乡。第三章坎坷记愁，几乎不忍卒读。

陈芸过世后，沈三白仍是：

余遂拜母别子女，痛哭一场，复至扬州，卖画度日。因得常哭于芸娘之墓，影单形只，备极凄凉

I then kowtowed to my mother and parted form my daughter and son and wept aloud for a while, before I departed again for YangZhou where I painted for my living. Thus I was ofen able to loiter round and weep over Yun’s grave, forlorn soul that I was ! And whenever I passed our old house, the sight was too much for me to bear.

 最后，陈氏所出一子也夭亡：

呜呼！芸仅一子，不得延其嗣续耶！何时耳。琢堂闻之，亦为之浩叹，赠余一妾，重入春梦。从此扰扰攘攘，又不知梦醒何时耳。

Alas! Yun had only one son and must even he be taken away and not allowed to continue her line!

Chotang was also greatly touched at the news,and presented me with a concubine. From that time on, I was again thrown into life’s mad turmoil, a foating dream from which I do not know when I shall wake up!

有人居然批评沈复‘不忠贞’，不是说了‘不续弦’的么？我个人觉得稚气得可爱。无论烈男烈女都还是不要有的好。

 

林语堂译浮生六记

数年前在书店偶读到《浮生六记》，不觉为之驻足半日，薄薄一本书，却道尽了那时候家庭自身的悲欢离合。书有三奇：一是所记的陈芸，被林氏夸为“中国最可爱的女人”；二中作者沈三白，书生一介，穷困潦倒，却屡有奇遇，且性格高旷，又兼情趣盎然，于生活点点独具童心惠性。三奇，文言记事叙情，既委婉含蓄，又能明白晓畅，读来怡目怡心怡情。里面一些情节，比如‘喝粥’一幕，至今印象颇深；而别离际怀，又至为感人。

林语堂所译，算是精妙异常，虽是用现代英语流行语体译成，却不时能见神来之笔。林语堂对翻译的选料是非常重视的，只翻自己钟爱的作品，于是性情也能随笔一起流淌出来。这一点和傅雷看法一致。前一段时间，自己受翻译社之托所做了一些翻译，如财经、化工之类。回头想，那只能算是脑力活了。做完之后，如释重负。希望自己以后有机会，也能自由找些自己所喜的文章翻译。

试录几段：（为林语堂做文抄公心甘情愿）

1. 青梅竹马

 

余幼聘金沙于氏，八龄而夭。娶陈氏。陈名芸，字淑珍，舅氏心余先生女也，生而颖慧，学语时，口授《琵琶行》，即能成诵。四龄失怙，母金氏，弟克昌，家徒壁立。芸既长，娴女红，三口仰其十指供给，克昌从师，修脯无缺。一日，于书簏中得《琵琶行》，挨字而认，始识字。刺绣之暇，渐通吟咏，有“秋侵人影瘦，霜染菊花肥”之句。余年—十三，随母归宁，两小无嫌，得见所作，虽叹其才思隽秀，窃恐其福泽不深，然心注不能释，告母曰：“若为儿择妇，非淑姊不娶。”母亦爱其柔和，即脱金约指缔姻焉。此乾隆乙末七月十六日也。

I was engaged in my childhood to one Miss Yu, of Cinsha, who died in her eighth year, and eventually I married a girl of the Chen clan. Her name was Yun and her literary name Suchen. She was my cousin, being the daughter of my maternal uncle, hsinyu. Even in her childhood, she was a very clever girl, for while she was learning to speak, she was taught Po chuyi’s poem, The Pipa Player, and could at once repeat it. Her father died when she was four years old, and in the family there were only her mother (of the Chin clan) and her younger brother kehchang and herself, being then practically destitute. When Yung grew up and had learnt needlework, she was providing for the family of three, and contrived always to pay kehchang’s tuition fees punctually. One day, she picked up a copy of the poem The PiPa player from a wastebasket, and from that, with the help of her memory of the lines, she learnt to read word by word. Between her needlework, she gradually learnt to write poetry. One of the poems contained the two lines:

“ Touched by autumn, one’s figure grows slender,

Soaked in frost, the chrysanthemum blooms full. ”

When I was thirteen years old, I went with my mother to her maiden home and there we met. As we were two young innocent children, she allowed me to read her poems. I was quite struck by her talent, but feared that she was too clever to be happy. Still I could not help thinking of her all the time, and once I told my mother, “ If you were to choose a girl for me, I won’t marry any one except Cousin Su.” My mother also liked her being so gentle, and gave her her gold ring as a token for the betrothal.

是中冬，值其堂姊出阁，余又随母往。芸与余同齿而长余十月，自幼姊弟相呼，故仍呼之曰淑姊。时但见满室鲜衣，唯独通体素淡，仅新其鞋而已。见其绣制精巧，询为己作，始知其慧心不仅在笔墨也。

其形削肩长项，瘦不露骨，眉弯目秀，顾盼神飞，唯两齿微露；似非佳相。一种缠绵之态，令人之意也消。

This was on July 16 in the year of 1775. In the winter of this year one of my girl cousins was going to get married and I again accompanied my mother to her maiden home. Yun was of the same age as myself, but ten months older, and as we had been accustomed to calling each other “elder sister” and “younger brother” from childhood, I continued to call her “Sister Su”.

At this time the guests in the house all wore bright dresses, but Yun alone was clad in a dress of quiet color, and had on a new pair of shoes. I noticed that the embroidery on her shoes was very fine, and learned that it was her own work, so that I began to realize that she was gifted at other things, too, besides reading and writing.

Of a slender figure, she had drooping shoulders, and a rather long neck, slim but not to the pont of being skinny. Her eyebrows were arched and in her eyes there was a look of quick intelligence and soft refinement. The only defect was that her two front teeth were slightly inclined forward, which was not a mrak of good omen. There was an air of tenderness about her which completely fascinated me.

小议：

人言‘小来看大’，可见过去人真早熟，十三，就既能‘品才’，又能察貌，还能观人福泽，沈三白也算是异人了。而一句“若为儿择妇，非淑姊不娶”，也显出其性格中真率执着之处。谁说过去对女子不重才了？

2. ‘喝粥门’事件

是夜送亲城外，返已漏三下，腹饥索饵，婢妪以枣脯进，余嫌其甜。芸暗牵余袖，随至其室，见藏有暖粥并小菜焉，余欣然举箸。忽闻芸堂兄玉衡呼曰：“淑妹速来！”芸急闭门曰：“已疲乏，将卧矣。”玉衡挤身而入，见余将吃粥，乃笑睨芸曰：“顷我索粥，汝曰‘尽矣’，乃藏此专待汝婿耶？”芸大窘避去，上下哗笑之。余亦负气，挈老仆先归。自吃粥被嘲，再往，芸即避匿，余知其恐贻人笑也。

That night, when I came back from outside the city, whither I had accompanied my girl cousin the bride, it was already midnight, and I felt very hungry and asked for something to eat. A maid-servant gave me some dried dates, which were too sweet for me. Yun secretly pulled me by the sleeve into her room, and I saw that she had hidden away a bowl of warm congee and some dishes to go with it. I was beginning to take up the chopsticks and eat it with great gusto when Yun’s boy cousin Yuheng called out, “ Sister Su, come quick!” Yun quickly shut the door and said, “ I am very tired and going to bed.” Yuheng forced the door open and, seeing the situation, he said with a malicious smile at Yun, “ So, that’s it! A while ago I asked for congee and you said there was no more, but you really meant to keep it for your future husband.” Yun was greatly embarrassed and everybody laughed at her, including the servants. On my part I rushed away home with an old servant in a state of excitement. Since the affair of the congee happened, she always avoided me when I went to her home, and I knew that she was only trying to avoid being made a subject of ridicule.

小议：

记得极为有趣，小女儿情怀一一跃然纸上。林译 “余亦负气，挈老仆先归”中的“负气”,以 “in a state of excitement’，一个简单的 ‘excitement’将少年心事探了个究竟。这里的负气，绝不是仅是anger吧。一生之情，足始于一碗热粥，沈陈后来小两口生活还不时以此打趣。而最酸楚时是，以粥结缘，而以粥死别，真令人嘘唏！

人生会友会情，不多是始自那‘一碗粥’的不经意情谊，而后轰轰烈烈么？

3    合卺之日

…….

伴妪在旁促卧，令其闭门先去。遂与比肩调笑，恍同密友重逢。戏探其怀，亦怦怦作跳，因俯其耳曰：“姊何心舂乃尔耶？”芸回眸微笑。便觉一缕情丝摇人魂魄，拥之入帐，不知东方之既白。

The bride’s companion asked us to go to bed, but we told her to shut the door and retire first. I began to sit down by Yun’s side and we joked together like old friends after a period of separation. I touched her breast in fun and felt that her heart was palpitating too. “Why is Sister’s heart palpitating like that?” I bent down and whispered in her ear. Yun looked back at me with a smile and our souls were carried away in a mist of passion. Then we went to bed, when all too soon the dawn came.

小议：前面写了许多，在房内两人畅谈《西厢》等等，最后，轻描一句‘拥之入帐，不知东方之既白’，这种含蓄笔法，现在很少见了，难道说这样就没感染力了么？

 

霍克斯和英版《红楼梦》

上周末，在北京德使馆实习的好友Richi来玩，跟我说起想看原版《红楼》，我自然是欣喜答应帮她找。想起前不久居然在《时代报》上看到，英红学翻译家David Hawkes过世的消息，想起读书的时候做过一段时间的比较文学，那时候霍克斯的名字便经常耳闻了，林林总总，便想写一篇关于霍克斯和红学翻译的故事。

一直到解放后，都没有英译全版《红楼梦》，偶尔的节译都错误百出，做各种文化上的误植。黛玉，被译成 “Black Jade” (黑皮肤荡妇)，袭人Attacker of man, “袭击男人”之类。而霍克斯是第一位译出全集的学者。目前英译全版《红楼梦》的有两个本子：一是杨宪益，戴乃迭夫妇的；二便是Hawkes的，他的本子先出，企鹅出版社；而杨氏夫妇的是八十年代由外文社出的。两个本子其实各有千秋，我个人更喜欢Hawkes 的，相对而言，他的英译本更贴近英语人的阅读心理；而杨版各多保留原著的特色。

一个人一辈子过下来很短，能实在地做一两件能流传下去的事就很不错了。我觉得霍氏的英版《红楼梦》是可以经得起时间的考验。

先看看他译的叙述段落：

An Excerpt from Chapter 34

A worldess message meets with silent understanding

And a groundless imputation leads to undeserved rebukes

He had dozed off. The shadowy form of Jiang Yuhan had come in to tell him of his capture by the Prince of Zhongshun’s men, followed, shortly after, by Golden, who gave him a tearful account of how she had drowned herself. In his half-dreaming, half-awake state he was having the greatest difficulty in attending to what they were saying, when suddenly he felt some one pushing him and became dimly aware of a sound of weeping in his ear. He gave a start. Fully awake now, he opened his eyes. It was Lin Daiyu. Suspecting this, too, to be a dream, he raised his head to look. A pair of eyes swollen like peaches met his own, and a face that was glistening with tears. It was Daiyu all right, no doubt about that. He would have looked longer, but the strain of raising himself was causing such excruciating pain in his nether parts, that he fell back again with a groan. The groan was followed by a sigh.

“ Now what have you come for?” he said. “ The sun’s not long set and the ground must still be very hot underfoot. You could still get a heat-stroke at this time of day, and that would be a fine how-do-you-do. Actually, in spite of the beating, I don’t feel very much pain. This fuss I make is put on to fool the others. I’m hoping they’ll spread the wod around outside how badly I’ve been hurt, so that Father gets to hear of it. It’s all shamming, really. You mustn’t be taken in by it.”

Daiyu’s sobbing had by this time ceased to be audible; but somehow her strangled, silent weeping was infinitely more pathetic than the most clamorous grief. At that moment volumes would have been inadequate to contain the things she wanted to say to him; yet all she could get out, after struggling for some time with her choking sobs, was:

“I suppose you’ll change now.”

Baoyu gave a long sigh.

“Don’t worry, I shan’t change. People like that are worth dying for. I wouldn’t change if he killed me.”

The words were scarcely out of his mouth when they heard someone outside in the courtyard syaing:

“Mrs Lian has come.”

Daiyu had no wish to see Xifeng, and rose to her feet hurriedly.

Baoyu seized hold of her hand.

“Now that’s funny. Why should you start being afraid of her all of a sudden?”

She stamped with impatience.

“Look at the state my eyes are in!”she said. “ I don’t want them all making fun of me again.”

At that Baoyu released her hand and she bounded round to the back of the bed, slipping into the rear coutyard.

这里宝玉昏昏默默，只见蒋玉菡走了进来，诉说忠顺府拿他之事，又见金钏儿进来哭说为他投井之情．宝玉半梦半醒，都不在意．忽又觉有人推他，恍恍忽忽听得有人悲戚之声．宝玉从梦中惊醒，睁眼一看，不是别人，却是林黛玉．宝玉犹恐是梦，忙又将身子欠起来，向脸上细细一认，只见两个眼睛肿的桃儿一般，满面泪光，不是黛玉，却是那个？宝玉还欲看时，怎奈下半截疼痛难忍，支持不住，便"嗳哟"一声，仍就倒下，叹了一声，说道：“你又做什么跑来！虽说太阳落下去，那地上的余气未散，走两趟又要受了暑．我虽然捱了打，并不觉疼痛．我这个样儿，只装出来哄他们，好在外头布散与老爷听，其实是假的．你不可认真。”此时林黛玉虽不是嚎啕大哭，然越是这等无声之泣，气噎喉堵，更觉得利害．听了宝玉这番话，心中虽然有万句言语，只是不能说得，半日，方抽抽噎噎的说道：“你从此可都改了罢！"宝玉听说，便长叹一声，道：“你放心，别说这样话．就便为这些人死了，也是情愿的！"一句话未了，只见院外人说：“二奶奶来了。”林黛玉便知是凤姐来了，连忙立起身说道：“我从后院子去罢，回来再来。”宝玉一把拉住道：“这可奇了，好好的怎么怕起他来。”林黛玉急的跺脚，悄悄的说道：“你瞧瞧我的眼睛，又该他取笑开心呢。”宝玉听说赶忙的放手．黛玉三步两步转过床后，出后院而去。

再来看看他译的曲：

Seldom the moon shines in a cloudless sky,

And days of brightess all too soon pass by.

A noble and aspiring mind

In a base-born frame confined,

Your charm and wit did only hatred gian,

And in the end you were by slanders slain,

Your gentle lord’s solicitude in vain.

霁月难逢，彩云易散。

心比天高，身为下贱

风流灵巧招人怨。

寿夭多因诽谤生，

多情公子空牵念。

Blessed iwht a shrewd mind and a noble heart,

Yet born in time of twilight and decay,

In spring through tears at river’s bank you gaze,

Borne by the wind a thousand miles away.

才自清明志自高，生于末世运偏消；

清明涕泣江边望，千里东风一梦遥。

Love was here sea, her sky; in such excess

Love, meeting with its like, breeds wantonness.

Sya not our troubles all from Rong’s side came;

For their beginning Ning must take the blame.

情天情海幻情深，情既相逢必主淫；

漫言不肖皆荣出，造衅开端实在宁。

Celebrating the Chrysanthemums

Down garden walks, in search of inspiration,

A restless demon drives me all the time;

Then brush blooms into praises,and the mouth

Grows acrid-sweet, hymning those scents sublime.

Yet easier ‘twere a world of grief to tell

Than to lock autumn’s secret in one rhyme.

That miracle old Tao did once attain;

Since when a thousand bards have tried in vain.

River Queen

咏菊

无奈诗魔昏晓侵   绕篱欹石自沉音

毫端秀蕴临霜写   口角噙香对月吟

满纸自怜题素怨   片言谁解诉秋心

一从陶令评章后   千古高风说到今

Questioning the Chrysanthemums

Since none else autumn’s mystery can explain,kh.

I come with murmured questions t your gate:

Who, world-disdainer, shares your hiding-place?

Of all the flowers why do yours bloom so late?

The garden silent lies in frosty dew;

The geese return; the cricket mourns his fate.

Let not speech from your silent world be banned:

Converse with me, since me you understand!

River Queeen

问菊

欲讯秋情众莫知，喃喃负手叩东篱；

孤标傲世偕谁隐？一样开花为底迟？

圃露庭霜何寂寞？雁归蛩病可相思？

莫言举世无谈者，解语何妨话片时？

第五回宝玉入秦氏房中，梦遇警幻仙姑，有一赋他是这样译的：

She has left here willow-tree house, form her blossoming bower stepped out;

For the birds betray where she walks through the trees that cluster about,

And a shadow athwart the winding walk announces she is near,

And a fragrance of musk and orchid from fluttering fairy sleeves,

And a tinkle of girdle-gems that falls on the ear

At each movement of her dress of loutus leaves.

 A peach-tree blossoms in her dimpling cheek;

Her cloud-coiled tresses are halcyon-sleek;

And she reaveals, through parted cherry lips,

Teeth like pomegranate pips.

Her slim waist’s sinuous swaying calls to mind

The dance of snowflakes with the walzing wind;

Hair ornaments of pearl and halcyon blue

Outshine her parted forehaed’s golden hue.

Her face, through blossoms fleetingly disclosed,

To mirth or ire seemed equally disposed;

And as by the waterside she goes,

Hovering on light-stepping toes,

A half-incipient look of pique

Says she would speak, yet would not speak;

While her feet, with the same irresolution,

Would halt, yet would not interrupt their motion.

I contemplate her rare complexion,

Ice-pure and jade-like in perfection;

I marvel at her glittering dress,

Where are lends grace to sumptuousness;

I wonder at her fine-cut features-

Marble, which fragrance marks as one with living creatures;

And I admire her queenly gait,

Like stately dance of simurgh with his mate.

Her purity I can best show

In plum-trees flowering in the snow;

Her chastity I shall recall

In orchids white at first frost-fall;

Her tranquil nature will prevail,

Constant as lone pine in an empty vale;

Her loveliness as dazzled make

As sunset gilding a pellucid lake;

Her glittering elegance I can compare

With dragons in an ornamental mere;

Her dreamy soulfulness most seems

Like wintry waters in the moon’s cold beams.

The beauties of days gone by by her beauty are all abashed.

方离柳坞，乍出花房．但行处，鸟惊庭树，将到时，影度回廊．仙袂乍飘兮，闻麝兰之馥郁，荷衣欲动兮，听环佩之铿锵．靥笑春桃兮，云堆翠髻，唇绽樱颗兮，榴齿含香．纤腰之楚楚兮，回风舞雪，珠翠之辉辉兮，满额鹅黄．出没花间兮，宜嗔宜喜，徘徊池上兮，若飞若扬．蛾眉颦笑兮，将言而未语，莲步乍移兮，待止而欲行．羡彼之良质兮，冰清玉润，羡彼之华服兮，闪灼文章．爱彼之貌容兮，香培玉琢，美彼之态度兮，凤翥龙翔．其素若何，春梅绽雪．其洁若何，秋菊被霜．其静若何，松生空谷．其艳若何，霞映澄塘．其文若何，龙游曲沼．其神若何，月射寒江．应惭西子，实愧王嫱．奇矣哉，生于孰地，来自何方，信矣乎，瑶池不二，紫府无双．果何人哉？如斯之美也！

而难能可贵的，还有他译的《葬花词》，传情达意相当到位：

The blossoms fade and falling fill the air

Of fragrance and bright hues bereft and bare.

Floss drifts and flutters round the Maiden’s bower

Or softly strikes against her curtained door.

The Maide, grieved by these signs of spring’s decrease,

Seeking some means her sorrow to express,

Has rake in hand into the garden gone,

Before the fallen flowers are trampled on.

Elm-pods and willow-floss are fragrant too;

Why care, Maide, whre the fallen flowers blew?

Next year, when peach and plum-tree bollom again,

Which of your sweet companions will remain?

This spring the heartless swallow built his nest

Beneath the eaves of mude with flowers compressed.

Next year the flowers will bloom as before,

But swallow, nest, and Maid will be no more.

Three hundred and three-score the year’s full tale:

From swords of frost and from the slaughtering gale

How can the lovely flowers lng stay intact,

Or, once loosed, from their drifing fate draw back?

Blooming so stead fst, fallen so hard to find!

Beside the flowers’ grave, with sorrowing mind,

The solitary Maid sheds many a tear,

Which on the boughs as bloody drops appear.

At twilight, when the cuckoo sings no more,

The Maiden with her rake goes in at door

And lays her down between the lamplit walls,

While a chill rain against the window falls.

I know not hwy my heart’s so strangely sade,

Half grieving for the spring and half glad:

Glad that it came, grieved it so soon was spent.

So soft it came, so silently it went!

Last night, outside, a mournful sound was heard:

The spirits of the flowers and of the bird.

But neither bird nor flowers would long delay,

Bird lacking speech, and flowers too shy to stay.

And then I wished that I had wings to fly

After the drifting flowers across the sky;

Across the sky to the world’s fartherst end,

The flowers’ last fragrant resting-place to find.

But better their remains in silk lay

And bury underneath the wholesome clay,

Pure substances the pure earth to enrich

Than leave to soak and stink in some foul ditch.

Can I, that these flowers’ obsequies attend,

Divine how soon or late my life will end?

Let others laugh flower-burial to see:

Another year who will be burying me?

As petals drop and spring begins to fail,

The bloom of youth, too, sickens and turns pale

One day, when spring has gone and youth has fled,

The Maiden and the flowers will both be dead.

花谢花飞花满天，红消香断有谁怜？

游丝软系飘春榭，落絮轻沾扑绣帘．

闺中女儿惜春暮，愁绪满怀无释处，

手把花锄出绣闺，忍踏落花来复去．

柳丝榆荚自芳菲，不管桃飘与李飞．

桃李明年能再发，明年闺中知有谁？

三月香巢已垒成，梁间燕子太无情！

明年花发虽可啄，却不道人去梁空巢也倾．

一年三百六十日，风刀霜剑严相逼，

明媚鲜妍能几时，一朝飘泊难寻觅．

花开易见落难寻，阶前闷杀葬花人，

独倚花锄泪暗洒，洒上空枝见血痕．

杜鹃无语正黄昏，荷锄归去掩重门．

青灯照壁人初睡，冷雨敲窗被未温．

怪奴底事倍伤神，半为怜春半恼春：

怜春忽至恼忽去，至又无言去不闻．

昨宵庭外悲歌发，知是花魂与鸟魂？

花魂鸟魂总难留，鸟自无言花自羞．

愿奴胁下生双翼，随花飞到天尽头．

天尽头，何处有香丘？

未若锦囊收艳骨，一抔净土掩风流．

质本洁来还洁去，强于污淖陷渠沟．

尔今死去侬收葬，未卜侬身何日丧？

侬今葬花人笑痴，他年葬侬知是谁？

试看春残花渐落，便是红颜老死时．

一朝春尽红颜老，花落人亡两不知

 

译论婚姻与独身

有妻室儿女之人，便将其人生质押给命运。妻室儿女乃雄图上霸业之累。凡最优功业、最上等品德莫不来自未婚或无子女之人。此种人将一腔热血及财力悉数献予公众事业。而有儿女之人对未来后辈最为关切；他们须对彼等履行切身之责。确乎有些单身汉，仅顾及自身，以为未来之事莫不相关；另有一些将妻儿视为债务；更有甚者，愚蠢贪婪富人，以无子系为荣。兴许他们听过如此议论。一云：“此人大富！”另一则反驳：“然其子女成群！”意似子女多，则其财便越少。

而过单身最普遍之原因在于为求自由。尤其有些人爱自得其乐，性情孤僻，不耐任何约束，甚而觉裤带褡裢几近铁链枷锁。

未婚之人可为最好朋友、最佳主人、最忠心的仆人，然未必乃最好的臣民，因彼等来去轻松。大多数流民皆属此种。僧侣适过独身生活，慈善之水若得先灌私塘，何能滋润大地？于法官行政等则无须单身，他们若收礼腐败，只须一狠过其妻五倍之恶奴。于士兵而言，吾见诸将领训导鼓励，责其应顾其妻女。突厥人伍中，正因其人鄙薄婚姻，更显其俗劣。妻室儿女为人类纪律一纲。诚然，独身之人因资财有余，倍为慷慨，然其柔肠未经唤起，更显残暴（适于当审训官）。庄重天性，受礼义所导，慎终追远，多为有情有义，已为人夫之男子。有如尤氏所言：“吾宁惜老妻，甘舍长生不老。”

操节之妇多以此为资，自傲简慢。心仪其夫，英明伟烈之女，必坚守节操，且言行不违；而若其察夫妒意甚盛，则万难听从。妻乃少年之情人，中年伴侣，老年侍护。男子兴许为何时为婚，意见不一，然能择时而娶，则为明智之士。年齿太幼不宜，过老则不必。常见顽劣男子得配极佳女子，其缘由或为丈夫偶施柔情，则倍为感恩；或自得于己之忍耐美德。如若此夫为已所选，且为其友人所非，则只能逆来顺受。因其必得坦然承担自己择人之失。

这篇散文是培根（Francis Bacon 1561-1626）所做，即那个说‘知识就是力量’的家伙。与莎翁同时代人，可以说，实证主义传统及海派的empiricism（实用主义）的奠基人。他绝非理论学者，大半时间混迹官场，也曾辉煌一时，当过相当于财政部长的官，任过几届‘人大代表’。不过历史上他声名不太好，出卖朋友，收取贿赂之类。

此人天分极高，“there was something about his character which led men even of the stature of Ben Jonson to hold him in reverence and awe”.且不说哲学及科学（方法论）上的成就，就是他做官场钻营，当律师、做法官，搞研究之余，随手挥洒写几篇小文，也是英语散文里的珍品。许多人还声称，莎剧其实作者是他！他的文风简约、明利，洞见非常，而且浸透着世事洞明的shrewdness。这篇谈婚论嫁的文章，是他37岁时写的，当时他自己就是单身汉，为了政治目的，向一二十岁寡贵妇人求婚，未遂——一直引以为恨。45岁时，娶了一14岁，‘其家族在伦敦极有影响力’的女子，婚后也矛盾重重，临终前发现她有私情，急改遗嘱。但他在婚姻上的功利观也有此文见一斑，他也是practises what he teaches，身体力行了。且就此小文而言，有些观点实在太过犀利。而且，我们许多人不是照此做么？

附1：原文

HE THAT hath wife and children hath given hostages to fortune; for they are impediments to great enterprises, either of virtue or mischief. Certainly the best works, and of greatest merit for the public, have proceeded from the unmarried or childless men; which both in affection and means, have married and endowed the public. Yet it were great reason that those that have children, should have greatest care of future times; unto which they know they must transmit their dearest pledges. Some there are, who though they lead a single life, yet their thoughts do end with themselves, and account future times impertinences. Nay, there are some other, that account wife and children, but as bills of charges. Nay more, there are some foolish rich covetous men, that take a pride, in having no children, because they may be thought so much the richer. For perhaps they have heard some talk, Such an one is a great rich man, and another except to it, Yea, but he hath a great charge of children; as if it were an abatement to his riches. But the most ordinary cause of a single life, is liberty, especially in certain self-pleasing and humorous minds, which are so sensible of every restraint, as they will go near to think their girdles and garters, to be bonds and shackles. Unmarried men are best friends, best masters, best servants; but not always best subjects; for they are light to run away; and almost all fugitives, are of that condition. A single life doth well with churchmen; for charity will hardly water the ground, where it must first fill a pool. It is indifferent for judges and magistrates; for if they be facile and corrupt, you shall have a servant, five times worse than a wife. For soldiers, I find the generals commonly in their hortatives, put men in mind of their wives and children; and I think the despising of marriage amongst the Turks, maketh the vulgar soldier more base. Certainly wife and children are a kind of discipline of humanity; and single men, though they may be many times more charitable, because their means are less exhaust, yet, on the other side, they are more cruel and hardhearted (good to make severe inquisitors), because their tenderness is not so oft called upon. Grave natures, led by custom, and therefore constant, are commonly loving husbands, as was said of Ulysses, vetulam suam praetulit immortalitati. Chaste women are often proud and froward, as presuming upon the merit of their chastity. It is one of the best bonds, both of chastity and obedience, in the wife, if she think her husband wise; which she will never do, if she find him jealous. Wives are young men's mistresses; companions for middle age; and old men's nurses. So as a man may have a quarrel to marry, when he will. But yet he was reputed one of the wise men, that made answer to the question, when a man should marry, - A young man not yet, an elder man not at all. It is often seen that bad husbands, have very good wives; whether it be, that it raiseth the price of their husband's kindness, when it comes; or that the wives take a pride in their patience. But this never fails, if the bad husbands were of their own choosing, against their friends' consent; for then they will be sure to make good their own folly.

附二：王佐良的译文（和自己的比较一下，很汗很惭愧！）

谈结婚与独身

夫人之有妻儿也不啻已向命运典质，从此难成大事，无论善恶。兴大业，立大功，往往系未婚无儿者所为，彼辈似已与公众结亲，故爱情产业并以付之。按理而论，有子女者应对未来岁月最为关切，因已将至亲骨肉托付之矣。独身者往往思虑仅及己身，以为未来与己无关。有人则视妻儿为负债。更有贪而愚者，以无儿女为荣，以为如此更可夸其富足。此辈或曾闻人议论，一云此人为大富，另一则云否也，其人有多子负担，其财必损。然独身之原因，最常见者为喜自由，尤其自娱任性之人不耐任何束缚，身上褡带亦视为桎梏。未婚者为最好之友、最好之主、最好之仆，然非最好之臣，因其身轻易遁也，故亡命徒儿全未婚。未婚适合教会中人，因如先须注水于家池则无余泽以惠人矣。然对法官行政官等则无足轻重，彼辈如收礼贪财，劣仆之害五倍于妻。至于士兵，余尝见将军以渠等妻儿所望激励之，而土耳其人鄙视婚姻，故其士兵更为卑劣。妻儿对人确为一种锻炼。单身者本可心慈过人，因其资财少耗也，实则由于不常触其心肠，反而更为严酷（因而适为审判异端之官）。庄重之人守规不渝，为夫常能爱妻，是故人云优利息斯“爱老妻胜过不朽也”。贞节之妇自恃节操，不免骄纵。欲使妻子守贞从夫，夫须有智；如妻疑夫猜忌，则断难听命矣。妻子者，青年之情妇，中年之伴侣，老年之护士也，故如决心结婚，须善择时。昔有智者答人问何时可婚，曾云：“青年未到时，老年不必矣。”常见恶夫有良妻，是否由于此辈丈夫偶尔和善，更见其可贵，抑或此类妻子以忍耐为美德欲？可确言者，如妻子不顾友朋劝告而自择恶夫，则必尽力弥补前夫。（译文选自《王佐良文集》）

转自本人个人空间：http://soamlh.spaces.live.com/

今天是南汇的暑期班的最后一次课。昨晚还在网上和同事调侃说是purgatory。实际上，我还是比较享受这次带课的。可惜没来得及买水蜜桃。

而且，期间还开过几次车过去，不知不觉间，车技也见长了。短短的十四天，七十个小时的培训，对学生的提高还是比较有限的，由于密集的课程影响，学生们也没有太多时间去消化。但是许多学生的进步却也是很明显，多少也取决于他们底下自己的努力。

回来往郊区跑得比较多，自家住松江，上学期坐师大的校车去奉贤校区来回赶；而暑假又去南汇。不晓得下次再去南汇会什么时候？

同学们，照片我先贴上了，有什么问题尽可以联系我。祝你们考试顺利！




 

 

中高级口译历年口语试题类型汇编

 

评：历年中高级口语试题题型，大致可以分为两种：一种是个人感受题，谈自己的对事物的感受；一种是评论题，会给些带有争议性的辩论题。内容涉及的都是平常大家喜闻乐见的话题，比如校园、择业等。鉴于考纲中要求，中口学生要能对着题目说3分钟，高口说5分钟，考生们能适当找些时间把历年考题里的话题过一遍，能起事半功倍之效。

 

中级口译

 

个人感受题

1.       A remarkable impression of a famous tourist place

2.       a popular drink in China

3.       The advantages and/or disadvantages of living in a big city

4.       Which one is more important in your career: your educational background or your working experience? Cite reasons for your choice.

5.       How to make the best use of your spare time?

6.       who is the most influential person in your life?

7.       Is Shanghai a shopper’s paradise? Why or why not?

8.       If you were studying in a university, which would you prefer: living on campus or off campus?

9.       developing holiday tourism.

10.   the current job market situation for college graduates.

11.   what are the important factors involved in looking for an ideal job?

12.   Which do you prefer, riding a bicycle or driving a car to work? Give reasons for your choice.

13.   how shall we define a qualified teacher?

14.   Is it ok to answer mobile phone call in class?

15.   what would you like to be: an employee of a privately owned company or of a state-owned enterprise?

评论题

1.       the importance of transportation for Shanhai’s economic development.

2.       my opinion- important ways towards success.

3.       the positive and negative efforts of the telephone.

4.       should college students be encouraged to take part-time jobs?

5.       my view of a successful foreign language learner.

6.       respecting the aged and loving the young- an age-old tradition in China.

7.       How can we promote Chinese culture worldwide?

8.       the significance of holding the 2008 Olympics in Beijing.

9.       the significance of the urban greening projects in Shanghai.

10.   the falling prices of electronic products.

11.   Studying abroad: do you consider this “brain drain” or “talent development”?

12.   Internet changes young people’s life.

13.   Online-game industry and virtual property rights.

14.   People under competition pressure

15.   Shadow of water shortage

16.   build a more harmonious society

17.   Life-long education and learning society

18.   should young students sacrifice their lives to deal with an emergency or crisis?

19.   bilingual education in China.

20.   is learning English a ticket to success and wealth?

21.   university students volunteering to work in China’s western regions.

高级口译

 

Type 1

1.       Many people like to travel a lot on holidays. People may travel by air, by sea, by train, by coach or on foot. What do you think is the ideal way or traveling? Explain your argument.

3         The Floods of 1998 in China

4         Discuss what constitutes a healthy way of life

5         Humans clone themselves

6         The advantages/disadvantages of introducing family car into big cities in China

7         The information age and the promotion of China’s modernization

8 The advantages and/or disadvantages of urbanization

9 The advantages and/or disadvantages of having-5-working days a week.

10 The stock market exchange and China’s economic development

11 The most significant scientific and technological advance in the 20^th century.

12 Conservation of the ecological environment.

13 Medical reform at the crossroads.

14 Tobacco industry and cigarette consumption in China.

15 Nature disasters: Quakers and Tsunamis.

16 Brain death” and “Mercy killing”.

 

Type 2

1.       Today most of the professions are still dominated by men. Do you think women can do as good a job as men? Why or why not? Cite your reasons and give an example.

2.       Is failure a bad thing? Why or why not?

3.       There is the opinion that college entrance examination in China should be abolished. What are your view on this issue?

4.       Is it necessary for all science students to study the humanities at university?

5.       what do you think will make Shanghai a more cosmopolitan city in Asia and in the world?

6.       what do you think of the idea of college students’ dropping their school and setting up their own business?

7.       what is required of a world citizen?

8.       How to eliminate counterfeit product?

9.       ‘Studying abroad: “brain drain” or “talent development”?

10.   Should the recommendation admission system be kept?

11.   Should undergraduates be allowed to get married?

12.   Shall we raise the retirement age in China?

13.   Which counts more, tourism or environment?

14.   What is more required of a top university in China today?

15.   Does globalization really benefit the developing countries in the world?

16.   How to cope with the increasing power shortage in China?

17.   Shall we encourage more rural residents to move to cities?

18.   How shall we protect intellectual property rights?

19.   Should urbanization be accelerated?

20.   The customer is always right is the slogan of every store, every shopping center. Why is the slogan so much advocated today? In fact, most of the customers’ complains cannot be settled satisfactorily, how would you explain that?

 

汉译英讲义

Part One 英语的构架

一．单句的扩展

 英语单句的基本结构

a.       S+V (主谓结构)   

Children grow.

b. S+V+C （主系表结构）  

Children grow old.

a.       S+V+O （主谓宾结构）

Children grow flowers.  

b.       S+V+O+O （主谓双宾结构）

Children give us flowers.

c.       S+V+O+C （主谓宾补结构）

Children grow flowers to fall.

.

战争使我们生意萧条

他们不负责任的行为让我们大家既气愤又失望。

 他明天会将他放弃工作的决定向他家人宣布。

 他这个男孩子能量无极限，能够将地球翻个个，然后又翻回来。

二．并列句和复杂句类型

事实上，一般考生接触的英文材料基本都是并列句和复杂句，中译英时，在书面语中，也莫不如此。因此，熟练掌握简单句类型后，我们要学会熟悉运用并列句。

2. 用并列句来翻译

并列连词约可分为下列四种：

a.           累积连词（cumulative conjunction） : and, both…and, not only…but also, no less than, as well as, furthermore, besides, moreover;

b.           选择连词（alternative conjunction）: or, either. or, nor, neither…nor, otherwise, or else

c.           反意连词（adversative conjunction）: but, yet, while, nevertheless, still, however, whereas, only, notwithstanding;

d.           推导连词（illative conjunction）: for, therefore, so, thus, hence, wherefore, consequently, accordingly

以上的并列连词中，有的并不是真正的连词，而是连词副词（conjunctive adverb）：

那里空无一人，所以我也走了。

我们在那儿呆了一个钟头就回家了。

你一旦露出任何恐惧的迹象，他就会攻击你。

她是留学美国的，所以她英语说得好。

这书一脱稿，我马上和出版家订好了合约。

我很想去，不过我却不愿意冒雨去。

他是一个聪明人，而仍不免常犯错误。

我很愿意，只是我太忙了。

他是一个美国人，我听他说话就知道。

在此他又犯了以貌取人的通病，过后事实就可证明了。

3. 用复合句来翻译

所谓复合句即是两个及两个以上的分句间位置不平等，只有一个是主句。而连接这些分句的连词叫从属连词( subordinate conjunction)，依照外形分类有下列四种：

一单纯连词（simple conjunction）: as, if, than, that, though, less, when, since, whereas, etc.

二复合连词（compound conjunction）: although, because, unless, whereas, etc.

三关联连词 (correlative conjunction): as…as, as…so, so…as, so…that, whether…or, etc.

四短语连词( phrase conjunction): as soon as, as long as, as if, as though, in case, in order that , in that, for fear that, the moment

英语中连接分句有时用其他词类来充任：

a. noun:     Next time I see you, I will lend you the book.

b. pronoun   whichever you choose, I’ll give it to you.

c. verb         suppose I were going away, should you be sorry?

d. adverb     Now that you are here, you’d better stay.

e. preposition You will not have better health without you take better care of yourself.

It can not be but that something will happen. ( =something must happen)

 

Part Two译词五法

 

这几种译法无论是英译中，还是中译英都能用上，两种译例都会涉及。

第一节重译法（repetition）

重译法，即重复一个词，起到连接，明确，强调或生动的作用。

We have to analyze and solve problems.

我们要分析问题，解决问题。

Let us revise our safety and sanitary regulations.

我们来修改安全规则和卫生规则吧。

Ignorance is the mother of fear as well as of admiration.

无知是恐惧的根源，也是敬佩的根源。

We have advocated the principle of peaceful coexistence, which is now growing more and more popular among the nations of Asia and Africa.

我们提倡和平共处的原则，这个原则目前在亚非各国越来越得人心了。

If you don’t succeed at first, try, try, try again.

起初不成功，再三尝试。

第二节增译法 (amplification)

英语很少使用范围限定词或者定性词，而汉语用得比较多，因此英语中许多-ity,-ness结尾的词，译成汉语都要加词：

Correctness   正确（性）              Utility          实用（性）

Unity        团结（精神）            Lightheartedness 轻松愉快（的心情）

Individuality     独立（人格）         Humanity       人文（精神）

Entertainment   娱乐（活动）          Irregularity   越轨（行为）

E-C

He is looking forward to the holidays.

我在等待假日的到来。（增加名词）

Courage in excess becomes foolhardiness, affection weakness, thrift avarice.

过于勇敢，便近粗蛮；纵情过深，便成溺爱；过于节俭，便成贪婪。（增加动词）

Theory is something, but practice is everything.

理论固然重要，实践尤其重要。（增加副词）

C-E

虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。

Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind. （增加连词）

送君千里，终有一别

Although you may escort a guest a thousand miles, yet must the parting come at last. （增加连词）

可以看出，总的规则是：为了使译文忠于原文，需要增加什么就增加什么。

第三节 减译法 (omission)

增译法的反面，酌情增添，便也有可能酌情删减。作用同样是便于符合译入语的习惯，如前文所述，冠词（汉语里没有对应项）、连词、代词（尤其是人称代词），这些英语功能词，而对应的汉语出现得少，宜行删减，不然不仅累赘，还会导致语病。

我们为此进行了长期不懈的努力。

We have made unremitting efforts for it.

第四节 转换法(conversion)

当英汉语言在语法和习惯表达上出现不对等，有时在保证原文意思不变的情况下，译文有必要改变词类，这叫词性转换。另一种转换，出于同一种原理，但是涉及的是将词转换成短语或短句，这以英文中的名词转换成中文短句居多。

他酷爱古典音乐。

He is an ardent lover of classical music.

他统治那个国家长达27年之久。

He had been the ruler of that nation for as long as 27 years.

请记住，我会永远支持你的！

Remember, I will always be with you.

那个老头老是滔滔不绝，说个不停，烦死人。

That old man is so boringly talkative.

她长得真漂亮。

She is a real beauty.

我们迫切地想弄得消息。

We are news-hungry.

很难把这部小说列入哪一个类型中去。

This novel defies easy classification.

第五节 正反译法

在英译中时，我们会发现许多词，内带有否定意思，当按照汉语习惯将‘不’翻译出来。相反，中译英时，许多有‘不’的词，英文可以有多种对应方式。

C-E

严禁吸烟   No

我们要永远对生活保持乐观态度。 never

到年底再下结论吧。Don’t

这辆来自北京的列车将很快到达。In no time

 

 

Part Three 译句三步曲

中国是个大国，百分之八十的人口从事农业，但耕地只占土地面积的十分之一，其余为山脉、森林、城镇和其他用地。

China is a large country with four-fifths of the population engaged in agriculture, but only one tenth of land is farmland, the rest being mountains, forest or put to urban and other uses.

第一节定主语

确定主语应遵循以下原则：

1.       必须符合英语语言习惯和其文化风俗。

2.       必须符合英语国家人的思维方式。

3.       必须是句中应该突出的信息。

4.       必须符合句中的逻辑关系。

EX：

1a. 热烈欢迎世界各地客商来此进一步加强合作，建立和发展贸易关系。

     1b. 希望今后上海能与更多的外国城市结为友好城市。

         2a. 在历史上，由于长江的不断改道，使武汉地区形成了众多的湖泊。

    2b. 她从来没想到他是个不诚实的人。

    2c.众所周知，中国在1980年成功地发射了第一颗洲际弹。

    3a.   自1983年以来，已经建立了一百多个这样的组织。

    3b. 我给你打国际直拨就跟楼下的李姐打电话差不多，一拨就通。

    3c. 海尔公司严格招待自上而下的一条线管理和自下而上的一条线汇报制度，确保了公司的高效率快节奏的运转。

    4a. 我们上海还在吸引外资企业进行老企业改造、房地产开放等方面制定了一系列优惠政策。

   4b.我们的事业从胜利走向胜利。

    5a. 八达岭这一段是1957年修复的，是长城的典型建筑，广场高7.8米，底部宽6.6米，顶部宽5.8米。

第二节选谓语

 汉语的谓语和英语的谓语差别大，前者可充当的成份也是多样的：汉语无人称和数的变化；无时的变化，汉语中，名词、形容词、数词和介词短语均可以作谓语，如北京秋天最美。另外，英语谓语动词用被动式比较频繁。汉译英时，我们都要考虑这此因素，特别注意：

1．              在人称和数上与主语保持一致；

2．              保持时态和原文语义相吻合；

3．              与主语在逻辑上搭配得当；

4．              与宾语在逻辑上搭配得当；

5．              原文若是以形容词、名词、数量词或介词做谓语，译文要采取系表结构；

6．              若不知原文谓语动作发出者为谁，同时有据说、据传等字眼，谓语常用被动句式；

7．              原文同时出现几个动词，则选择一主动词。

Ex:

1a. 当前，我国的职业教育和成人教育正在加快发展。

            2a. 他做实验时心不在焉，几乎引起化学药物爆炸

            2b. 他过去的那副尊容，只要你见过一次，无论什么时候你都不会忘记。

            3a. 实事求是地说，解决中国人吃饭的问题，任务艰巨，困难不少，但潜力很大，前景广阔。

           3b. 应该特别强调的是，科技兴农在中国发展粮食方面存在巨大的潜力。

           3c. 这次高等学校可选择的地方有北京、上海或西安。

           3d 这一证书课程分三年学完。

           4a. 从这次讲座中，我们学到了许多美国历史方面的知识。

           4b. 谁来养活中国的问题，实际情况究竟怎么样呢？看粮食，要看中国的农业；看农业首先看市场。

          5a. 你们知道，这种打字机轻便高效，经久耐用又经济实惠，适合高中学生使用。

      5b. 金杯牌汽床垫工艺先进，结构新颖，造型美观，款式繁多，舒适大方，携带方便。

6．              大家都知道，氢是最轻的元素。

              7. 第二天早晨，她腋下夹着几本书回来了

    第三节排其余

 翻译无定规，主语会决定谓语的选择，同时先选定一个谓语，也会反过来影响主语的选择。主谓语确定之后，会影响和决定其它句子成份的安排。如，

一想到要出国深造，他就激动不已。

a.           The idea that he would go abroad for further study made him greatly exited.

b.          He felt greatly excited at the thought of going abroad for further study.

另外，各成份间的语序问题，也必须注意以下几点：

1．              定语的位置

2．              状语的位置

3．              叙事和表态的先后顺序

 定语通常放在名词前，且越能说明事物本质，越关联的越要放在前面，而英语是单词做主语，一般放在名词前，而词组或从句放于后。但有些单词定语后置如important, available, possible。

a.           在太空中有各式各样肉眼看不见的波。

b.           我们要把祖国建设成社会主义的现代化强国。

状语在汉语中习惯放在主语之后，谓语之前，而英语中的状语位置富于变化。当一系列的表时间开地点的状语连用，汉语是从大到小、从宽到窄、由远及近，而英语恰好相反。即便时间、地点、方式同时出现时，汉英语序也不尽相同。汉语是时间——地点——方式——动词，而英语则刚好相反。如他每天早晨在教室里认真地学习。 (He studies hard in the classroom every morning.)

   一个句子既有叙事部分又有表态部分时，汉语先叙事后表态，而英语相反。

 驾车经过这一地区，真是太危险了！

    第四节      汉语长语处理

a.                   原序翻译     b. 分译      c.变序翻译

(1) 请你方考虑，今后货物一经订妥，就不可撤消，我们认为这样才有助于更好的合作。

We should like to have your consideration that, in the future, orders once placed are not to be cancelled, afterwards, which, we think will be conductive to better cooperation.

(2) 不一会儿，北风小了，路上浮尘早已刮净，剩下一条洁白的大道来，车夫也跑得更快。

 Presently the wind dropped a little. By now the loose dust had all been blown away, leaving the road clean, and the rickshaw man quickened his pace.

 (3) 父亲毕竟比她多吃了几年盐，她的男朋友是什么的人，父亲一看就知道。

 After all, father has much more worldly experience than her. So he will be able to tell, at a glance, what kind of man her boyfriend is.

b．分译，即断句，汉语的长句之所以要分译，是因为汉语句子结构比较松散，而英语句子结构比较严谨。另外，汉语长句内的分句往往就是一个表示完整意义的句子，可以单列成句。        

 （1）盛夏炎炎，一走进浙江莫干山的林间小道就汗止心凉，加上轻风拂煦，浑身有说不出的舒坦，忍不住赞叹一声：莫干山，好一个清凉世界！

No matter how hot it is “outside”, once you step onto the trail through the forest on Mogan Mountain in Zhe Jiang province, the sweat withdraws from your body. In addition, the breeze refreshes you with a gentle caress. How cold it is!

(2) 拿我们这些人来说，很多每年都有些进步。

Take for example those of us present here. Many of us make some progress each year.

(3) 总之，微波只能以直线的方式传播，没有一系列的转播塔，它们就不能越过漫长的距离，把消息传递到遥远的地方。

In short, microwaves can only travel in straight line, without a series of relay towers, it is impossible for them to send messages over long distances to remote places.

3．多重性分句，有时候要做相应的语序调整，重新组合，以适应英语的语言习惯。

 （1）四十年来，武汉杂技在继承了传统杂技技巧的基础上大胆吸收其它姊妹艺术之长，运用多种艺术手段将布景、灯光、服装道具、美术融为一体，使杂技表演成为综合性的表演艺术。

For 40 years, based on traditional acrobatics techniques, Wuhan acrobatics has absorbed bravely the strong points of other sister arts, and mixed together scenery, lighting, consumes and fine art by using all kinds of artistic methods so that the acrobatic performance becomes a comprehensive art of performance.

(2)当你跟可爱的孩子们站在池子里，又有年轻的女孩子在池边好奇地接受你捉上来的任何东西的时候，如果你懂得什么叫美的话，时间是过得很快的！

 Time goes fast for one who has a sense of beauty, when there are pretty children in a pool and a young lady on the edge, to receive with wonder anything you can catch!

 

Part Four 练习

 

词法翻译（1）

a． 增词（注意划线的部分，如果有的话）

 

1. 不由暗暗佩服他的记忆力

2. 这种矛盾包括国家利益、集体利益同个人利益之间的矛盾。

3. “小李，什么时候吃糖啊？”林奶奶笑问道。

4. 看粮食，要看中国的农业。

5. 现在还要选人，选年轻的同志，帮助培养。

6. 窝藏不报者，须受相当处分。

7．要有把握，就是要有准备，而且有充分的准备。

8．要提倡顾全大局。

9．群众心齐了，一切事情都好办。

10．有饭大家吃。

11．绍兴是越瓷的产地。

12．端午节那天，人们都要吃粽子。

13．辛亥革命将中国带入了一个新的纪元。

14．美国的人权记录并不好，却充当“世界人权法官”。

15．中国有两点靠得住的，一是讲原则，二是说话算数。

16．他霎时心里感到热乎乎的。

b． 省词

1． 改革开放扭转了经济停滞不前的局面。

2． 他们缺乏乐观主义精神。

3． 出国物资不得超过限制范围。

4． 中国有13亿人口，陆地自然资源人均占有量低于世界平均水平。

5．他感到一种爱国主义热情在胸中激荡。

6．长得好看的人用不着浓妆艳抹。

7． 双方一致认为应当把中美关系放在世界范围来看，应着眼于未来，着眼于21世纪。

8．这标志着改革开放进入了一个新的发展阶段。

9．（中华民族洗雪了百年耻辱，振奋了民族精神，）感到无比的骄傲和自豪。

10． 这五场演出场场爆满，座无虚席；许多观众只好立足观看。

11． 他是一个著名记者，却是以一个战士的身份在战场上牺牲的。

12．我们需要从其它国家进口先进工业设备。

13． 过去的经验告诉我们，落后就要挨打！

词法翻译（2）

重复

1．    我们能够去掉不良作风，保持优良作风。

2．    我们必须培养发现问题、分析问题、解决问题的能力。

3．    学习外语的人从实践中学到的知识比从书本上学到的知识要多。

4．    他们有一种奇怪的感觉，似乎这不仅仅是天色的黑暗，还更是社会的黑暗与政治的黑暗。

5．    干也是倾家荡产，不干也是倾家荡产，我就决心和他打了这场官司。

6. 沉默啊，沉默，不在沉默中爆发，就在沉默中灭亡。

转换

7．无名的日子的感触，围绕在我的心上，正象那绿色的青苔，攀缘在老树的周身。　　　

8．政府号召建立更多的技术学校

9． 你到底追求什么？

10．千万山区人终于摆脱了贫穷。

正反

11. 我和妻子业余时间不喜欢到人多的地方去。

12. 我心里的一个沉重担子放下了。

三 主语的选择

1.     合营企业的形式为有限责任公司。

2.     改革开放胆子要大一些，要敢于试验。

3.     上海采取了一系列的优惠政策来吸引外资。

4.     大多数高校已将权利下放给系主任。

5.     我们的改革，我们的对外开放，对内搞活，是坚持社会主义道路的。

6.     有谣言说，明年年初要实行价格改革。

7.     任何新生事物的成长都是要经过艰难曲折的。

8.     他因感情冲动而误入岐途。

9.     中国的发展与进步，不会对任何人构成威胁。

10. 这款新式手机的体积小，重量轻。

11. 去年的进出口工作都已经超额完成了国家计划。

12. 这几年，西欧的经济和工业不景气。

13. 1998年，长江流域遭受特大洪灾。

14. 进行社会主义现代化建设必须尊重知识和人才。

15. 明年将出版更多的儿童读物。

16. 由于中国政治经济发展的不平衡，产生了革命发展的不平衡。

17. 只要看一眼这封信，你就明白你上当了。

18. 随着一声大吼，窜出一只猛虎。

练习四 谓语的选择

1. 这件事告诉我们，他为人不诚实。

2. 农村改革中的好多东西，都是基层创造出来的。

3. 秦朝第一位皇帝秦始皇于公元前221年统一六国。

4.热腾腾的晚餐已摆好放在桌上。

5.我们将在新的世纪里不断谱写建设具有中国特色的社会主义的新篇章。

6. 这种弊端和我的理想与性格构成尖锐的矛盾，我不能容忍下去而虚度年华。

7.他们在第一个回合中吃了败仗，便迅速改变了战术。

8. 他便退了几步，寻到一家关着门的铺子，蹩进檐下，靠门停住了。

9. 农民们敲锣打鼓庆祝新春佳节。

10. 一到星期天，他就蒙头大睡打发时间。

11. 国际争端应在此基础上解决，而不应诉诸武力和武力威胁。

 

12. 这伙歹徒持枪劫车杀人越货，受到了法律的严惩。

练习五 长句处理：断句与并句

断句

1. 海洋覆盖了地球表面的71%，是全球生命支持系统的一个基本组成部分，也是资源的宝库，环境的重要调节器。

2. 目前，中国的粮食单产水平与世界粮食高产国家相比也是比较低的，中国要在短时间内达到粮食高产国家的水平难度比较大，但经过努力是完全可以缩小差距的。

3. 少年是一去不复返的，等到精力衰时，要做学问也来不及了。

4. 五四运动是下次彻底的不妥协的反帝反封建的革命运动，它促成了中国工人运动同马克思主义的结合，在思想上和干部上为中国共产党的成立作了准备，是中国新民主主义革命的开端。

 

并句

5. 美国社会将重点放在大学教育，将大学教充看成通向事业成功之路。

6. 她性格随和，是位全面发展的优秀学生，是这次交流项目最有希望的人选。

 

Dear boys and girls in Nan Hui, please tell me by leaving a comment after you download and print it so that i can save a copy, thanks.

L.H.

 

中高级口译考试翻译部分考前要略

一年两度的口译下月即将展开，莘莘学子们正在紧张的备考中。本文就第一阶段考试的翻译部分，依平时教学心得略谈一二。

英译中、中译英两部分所要应对的重点不一样。英译中基础是在对源语，即英语的理解上，而难点出自于：如何突破英语表面结构，用地道的汉语将其意思表达出来，即奈达所说的：“Translation means translating meaning.” 英译汉大多时候，都能在保持原文的基本形式（词语、句子结构、修辞手法等），同时译出明白易懂的汉语。然而，遇到应当做转变的时候，要学习并熟悉一些技巧，对词、句子结构等进行相应转换及处理。聊举几例：

1）The first route was controlled by the Arabs who shipped the spices to Egypt, and by Venetians who loaded the cargoes to Alexandria for distribution in Europe.

析：这句英语，带有两个并列定语从句，如果按正常的将其处理成汉语前置定语，句子会显得冗长，而且有点夹杂不清，这时不如先将两个先行词集中在第一句处理，再分述：

参考译文：

第一条路分别由阿拉伯人和威尼斯人控制。阿拉伯人由此将香料运往埃及，而威尼斯人满载货船运向亚力山大港，然后在欧洲分发。

   2）Americans have a warmth and friendliness which is less superficial than many foreigners think. (高级翻译 P11)

这句话中have 按英语语法讲叫linking verb, 或者empty verb，起到的是连接功能作用，而have 加形容词转化的名词，在汉语中找不到相应结构，我们只能，将have 省去不译，warmth and friendliness，转换成形容词，即‘美国人热情友善，而且，并非像许多外国人想像的那样，只是装装样子。’

中译英部分的基础，倒不在理解（除非近几年经常出的文言句，可能会对考生带来障碍），而在于如何用英语构架句子。涉及到许多的英语的基本功，所以中译英的难点在‘表达’上，即如何用英语表达出来。表达难题一是词汇，二是熟悉英语表达结构。

词汇积累是硬功夫，比如有一年真题里一句话：

“太湖明珠无锡，位于江苏省南部，地处美丽富饶的长江三角洲中心地带。”如果‘长江三角洲’不知道是‘Yangtzi river Delta’，是无法翻译的。

应对考试，词汇的积累上，我们有一定的针对性，将课本及考纲里的汉英表达方式熟悉，此外，最好还能定期看一些比如China Daily这种官方报，熟悉许多中国特色词汇的英语对应表达法。

接下来便是结构的处理，以上一句话为例。考生需要想到，主谓语如何选择呢？那无疑，首先确定主语，即‘无锡’，而谓语，有两个可以‘选择’，而且按习惯最好只选择其中一个做谓语，另一个以非谓语形式出，做为枝叶成份，于是有：

Wuxi, the pearl on the Taihu Lake, is located in southern Jiangsu Province in the center of the beautiful and fertile Yangtzi River Delta.

近年来有一个趋势便是文化题增多，而文化中传统文化张扬，考传统文化，就免不了要考到古文，对古文的翻译，考生们应当作相应准备，举几个真题：

岁月不居，来日苦短，夜长梦多，时不我与。

“劳心者治人，劳力者治于人。”

舒舍予，字老舍，现年四十岁，面黄无须，生于北平，三岁失怙，可谓无父，志学之

年，帝王不存，可谓无君，无父无君，特别孝爱老母。

有必要对古文的特点有个大致熟悉，一是简约，转折多，二关联词少，含蓄。我们译成英文时，不妨先心里译成白话，然后再翻成英语。比如第一句，这句根据上下文，应当是‘时间过得快，不应当拖延，拖延可能导致不好的效果。’此外，还要注意加上相应连接词，使句子顺畅。于是，我们可译成：

The settlement of reunification cannot afford postponement since time is pressing and long delay may cause undesirable consequence.

第二句话，是孟子的名言，我们不妨理解成，脑力劳动做主子，而体力劳动受制于人。

The mental labourer will govern, and the manual labourer will be governed.

第三句字不多，也不难理解，可是有几层意思，一定要断开来译。

I, Shu Sheyu, style myself Lao She. I am a pale and beardless 40-year-old born in Beiping. I became fatherless at the age of 3 when my father died and emperorless at school age when the Emperor was deposed. Fatherless and emperorless, I was especially filial to my mother.

 

英语修辞法小讲（1）

英文中有一种叫zeugma的修辞法颇有意思：

定义为：

The use of a word to modify or govern two or more words when it is appropriate to only one of them.

1． Mr. Camfield’s most sanguine estimate of his finance could not raise them within full five pounds of a desired amount; and in a species of arithmetical desperation, he was alternately cudgelling his brains and his donkey.

2． Mr. Pickwick took his hat and his leave.

3． Men were nominated for seats thorough personal contacts made in their trade unions, local councils … this is the entree to parliament which a woman must penetrate if she is to make policy instead of tea.

4． On his fishing trip he caught three trouts and a cold.

 

5． While the Vietnam vet was fighting, losing limbs and mind, and dying, others stayed behind to pursue education and career.  

 

头两句学过英国文学的人都知道是Dickens的妙笔。Cudgel his donekey可以，但brains一般不大敲的，于是Camfield先生骑驴的形象活灵活现了。‘Take leave’是个固定词组，表示‘告别’，一个动词带两个这样根本不同的宾语，也让人挺吃惊的了。第三句make 接两个词，一个是policy, 另一个是茶。一个动词便意味深长地表现了妇女的难处。第四句catch a cold是个词组，居然也可以连起来，诙谐得很，抓了三条鱼，却付出了感冒的代价。最后一句，losing limbs 和minds联用，显得触目惊心，在越南前线的美国大兵们面临失去四肢（受伤）的危险之外，还可能失去mind，精神沮丧或者失去受教育机会——如此等等，留待大家体会了。

发现这种修辞方法，偶尔用之，能起到出奇制胜的作用，让人一亮。其特点是，用一个动词将两个好像不相关的，有时呈明显对比效果的名词联结起来。