转载自x-mengao

1. Money

1)花钱Do you prefer to save money or spend it off If you have a large sum of money, what will you do with it, to spend on practical thing or entertainment2)学校相关(投资,建设学校,学费)Whether students should pay for their courses or not Do you agree with the statement: colleges should invest all the money on academic education rather than entertainment such as films3)金钱哲学Are power and money the criteria to evaluate success Do you agree or disagree with the following statement.  Having a lot of money is very important.

2. Courses&Study学校课程学习

1)音乐艺术,体育课程(文vs.理)Do you think high school should teach music and arts as other basic science subjects? Is musical education necessarySome universities offer PE courses while others do not. What do you think? Do you agree with the statement: it is more important to learn math and science than arts and literature? 2)教学形式?Do you prefer online course or traditional courseDo you like to study in a large class or small classSome students like to take classes early in the morning. Others prefer having classes later in the day. Which do you think is better and why?In some schools, teachers decide what classes students must take. Other schools allow students to select their own classes. Which system do you think is better and why?3)课程与工作Some people choose a major that may guarantee a good job. Other people choose a major out of their personal interest in that area. Which do you think is a good idea and why?Should students focus time on academic subjects or it is not enough to learn academic subjects4)学习Would you prefer to take the TOEFL test or a math test? Do you prefer to take essay exams or multiple-choice exams? Do you prefer to take essay exams or oral presentations?Some people prefer to study a little in many subjects, while others prefer to study a single subject in depth. Which do you prefer and why?If your teacher makes a mistake, is it better to correct the teacher or ignore the mistake?Do you agree or disagree the opinion “the most important lesson can’t be learned in class”?Do you like to study at home on weekends or relax in social activity with friends?

3. Education教育话题

1)接受高等教育Do you agree or disagree: “The most important lesson can’t be learned in class.” Should University be opened to everyone or a limited number of students / Is it necessary for everyone to receive higher educationIs it more likely to succeed in career if someone has attended college?Someone thinks it’s important to study in a university, and some do not. What do you think?Some people believe that students who want to go to university after graduation from high school should have about one year's time to get a job to obtain work experience or have a travel to enlarge their vision. Do you agree or disagree?  2)教育学习形式Which one do you think is better to do research, internet or academic books Do you like indoor or outdoor teachingDo you agree or disagree: The most important lessons is learned outside the classroom Do you agree or disagree: students should participate in class discussion/Do you agree or disagree that students will learn more when they have discussions?Would you prefer to search for information by reading books or by using computers with access to the internet? If you have any questions or problems, do you prefer to ask instructor or internet and books for help?Which one do you think is better for college students, studying part-time or full-time?Some students like classes where teachers lecture in class. Other students prefer classes where the students do some of the talking. Which type of class do you prefer?3)校服 Do you agree or disagree: Students should wear uniform in school 4)关于上课Is it important for students to attend class regularly or study by oneself? 5)留学Some students prefer to go to universities or colleges in their own cities or towns. Others prefer to go to universities or colleges in new cities or towns. Which do you prefer and why? Include details and examples in your explanation.Students choose foreign country for further education because of academic programs and so on. What do you think is the most import aspect besides academic program, location, cost, or size?

4. Entertainment & Vacation娱乐度假

1)假期双休Long vacation or short vacation, which do you prefer Do you agree or not that student should have a one-year holiday before going to universityDo you prefer to go to college directly after high school or take a time offWhat do you think students should do in a vacation, continue studying, take a rest or go to work?How do you like to spend your weekend, to study or to relax and socialize with friends?2)旅游形式Some people prefer go to the destination directly when they are on a trip while others prefer to spend time in some other places along the trip. Which do you prefer and why? Do you like to travel to a place you have ever been to or a new place?Some plan every detail of their vacation in advance. Others prefer to leave most details flexible. Which do you think is better and why?3)文学读书Some people prefer fantasy literature, such as fiction, while some prefer nonfiction such as biography, which do you like? Some people like to finish reading a book without discontinuity, while some like to divide it into several times. Which way do you prefer and why?

5. Group vs. Alone群体还是个体

1)生活相关Do you prefer to live with roommates or you prefer to live by yourself Do you prefer to make friends with a large number of people or would you rather spend most of your time with a small group of friends?Do you like to go to movies or concerts alone or with a group of friends? Some people like to eat most of their meals with other people. Others prefer eating alone. Which do you think is better and why? Include details and examples in your explanation.2)工作相关Choose profession that need you study independently or profession require you to work as a groupSome students prepare for tests by studying alone. Other prepare for tests by studying with other students or a tutor. Which study method do you think is better and why?Would you prefer to write a paper by yourself or with a group?
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转载自x-mengao

3. Object

1)书籍,杂志Describe one important bookWhat is your favorite book?Which one do you prefer, magazine, fiction or poetry                             
2)电影Which kinds of film do you like best: comedy, drama, actionWhat is your favorite movie?                                                                        
3)礼物话题  
3.1自己收的礼物Describe an important gift/letter/photograph and explain why it is special to you.Describe an object that is very special in your lifeYour most important gift, why is it so significant for youDescribe an object which is very important to you. Describe the most impressive surprise(用gift来替换) your friend gives you because of his or her action    
3.2送别人的礼物If you are going to give your friend a gift, what would you choose                                                                                                                                                                                   
4最重要的东西Describe an important toy when you were a child. Explain why it is important to you.Describe an important machine and explain why you think it is important in your life.Among computer, television, and telephone, which do you think is the most important to your life Describe something expensive you want to buy and explain why you want to buy it.                                                                                            
5)网络What are some important effects of internet on modern people’s life? Use specific details and examples to support your response?

4. Activity

1)体育运动What is your favorite game/sport?Describe a popular group sport, game or activity in your country                                               
2
)休闲 What do you do in your spare time to relax yourself Explain what you do to relieve stress and why you do it.                                   
3
)学习新技能What new skill would you like to learn?An important skill for you                                                                                                         
4)食物,饮食What is your favorite food? Delicious, nutritious, not expensive, easy to get/prepare, different choices                                      
5
)交通工具The most efficient transportation in your country – bicycleDescribe an important means of transport and explain why you think it is important in your life.

5.Event


1) 节日
What is your favorite day of the year? What time of the year do you like most?Describe an event such as a holiday or other occasion that you enjoy celebrating and explain why the event is significant to youA social or politics celebration event in your cultureDescribe a day you enjoy most Describe a special event in your countryWhat is your favorite holiday?What if a foreigner comes to your country, what event would you introduce to him?                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
2)发明One of the most important inventions in the past 100 years Describe the best/worst invention in the 20th century and explain how it affects your life. Describe an important invention before computer in your family and explain its advantages and disadvantages.                         
3
)机遇
Describe a special opportunity given to you
4)儿时记忆An enjoyable/sad event in your childhoodDescribe your most unforgettable childhood story/a happy event in your childhood and explain why it is…
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转载自x-mengao

1. Person

1) 十种人的好品质,及你熟悉的这十种人Describe the characteristics of a good teacher/roommate/friend/parent/leader/team member/famous person/neighbor/classmate/+ Describe your …Which one is the quality that is most essential to friendship: faithfulness, honesty or humor 2) 名人题Describe a famous person that you most admireDescribe a person with whom you like to talk with/meet, why (famous person)Describe a celebrity / a famous person in history you want to see most and explain why you want to see this celebrity and what would you talk about. What famous person would you like to visit for one hour and why?Describe a famous businessperson/a sport person/sports team you admire and explain why you admire him/her. Describe your favorite singer/actor/band group/character in a film and explain why you like him/her/them.3)熟悉的人 Describe a family member/close friend/schoolmate/workmate/neighbor/an adventurous person

 

2. Place

1) 自己的城市中,最喜欢去的地方,最值得推荐的地方(可以自己,也可以随朋友)

标志性建筑

Describe the highest/emblematic/historic building in your town.Describe a kind of traditional building in your countryWhat landmark in your country/town do you recommend other people to visit? Explain why you think people should go there.

国家旅游(中国+外国)

What foreign country would you like to visit? Choose a country and explain why you would like to go there. If your foreign friends are going to visit your country, where do you suggest them to go? Describe a place you have never been to but like to go someday

经常去的地方

Choose a place you go to often that is important to you and explain why it is important.

学校校园

Describe your school and campus and explain what impression it gives you. Describe a school you’ve ever attended
 
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最近上课对口语教学又有了些新的感悟,发现了几个中国人由于受到母语的影响而常犯的语音方面的错误,具体的如下:

1. th的发音

th音是英语当中独有的,在许多语言中都不常见,在汉语中也没有这样子的发音。正确的读法是将舌头放在牙齿中间,最好能够伸出来一点,饱满的读出/θ/这个音。不要觉得奇怪,这是正确的英语发音!英语学习者常常会读成/d/ /t/ /s/ /z/ /f/等音。

2. p/t在s/x后面失爆的现象

比如spoon expect stop等单词,原本爆破的辅音p t要在/s/音之后失爆,发/b/ /d/的音。这点小学音标老师应该讲过,不过可能时间长了会忘了,请记住失爆的现象!

3. 不发音的"e"

所谓不发音的"e",是指以e结尾而e不发音的单词,比如same cake,这些单词当中的元音发它本来的音,也就是这个字母本身的读音。same和cake就读A的发音/ei/,而不是/æ/或者/e/

4. 闭音节词语的拖音

闭音节词语是指以辅音结尾的词语,比如get make等等,这样的单词很多,然而由于所有的汉语单词都是开音节的,也就是元音结尾的,导致有些学生会自动的为辅音加上一个拖音,比如会读成/ɡetə/ /meikə/,使得每个单词读得很拖沓,没办法快速的连读,影响了之后的口语发音。


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SAT,又称SAT Reasoning Test, 全名为Scholastic Aptitude Test and Scholastic Assessment Test是美国大学本科录取的标准化考试,每年由College Board(美国大学理事会)机构举办,College Board是一家美国非盈利性的考试机构。College Board接手之前,SATETS(教育考试服务中心)举办,ETSTOEFLGRE的出题机构,虽然现在SATGMAT分到了College Board旗下,ETS仍参与该考试的管理。College Board声称SAT可以评估一个学生的上大学的准备,这就是为什么大多数美国大学在入学时要求学生能提供SAT的成绩,所以SAT又称为美国的“高考“。

   语法部分属于SAT中的写作(writing)板块,与短文写作分值一起组成写作板块的总分。语法部分有三个题型,分别为改错题 (Identifying sentence errors),共18题、句子改进题 (Improving sentences),共25小题、和段落改进题(Improving paragraphs),共6小题,所有题目均为五选一。改错题,句子改进题和段落改进题测试学生的语法知识,要求能够提出不地道或不正确语法用法。在改错题的部分,学生必须找到这个句子产生错误的来源,或选择该句没有错误这个选项,不需要改动原句。而句子改进题更难,要求学生选择一个可接受的解决方案,来消除原句错误或笨拙得用法。段落改进题测试学生的的逻辑思维和对于段落结构的理解,原文是一段写得不好的学生作文,要求考生提出一系列问题以最大程度的改进原文的结构和思路。由上述可见,所谓的SAT语法题并不是中国学生原本认为的四选一的语法题,和高考的题型模式也有很大的不同。当然,所涉及的知识大都中国学生在九年制义务教育中学过的,重点知识包括:(1)主谓一致(尤其是倒装时);(2)逻辑主语(即分词位于句首的情况); (3)时态; (4)人称代词(单数和复数,第一人称和第三人称,主格和宾格);(5)比较级; (6)形容词和副词; (7)句子的整体结构(包括并列句,主从句,省略句)。所以,对于中国学生来说,要攻克SAT语法的难点在于熟悉题型和美国式语法题的解体方法。这首先需要经过培训,以了解SAT语法考试的重点和解体思路,之后需要学生经过大量的练习,只有通过练习才能将教师上课讲到的重点融会贯通,将语法题的解题方法自己“悟出来,确保能在短时间内就敏锐地察觉到题目的错误点。这看似很难,但却是通过培训和练习可以做到的,而且大部分的SAT高分获得者也确实是这么做的。 
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SoCal即Southern California,一个充满sunshine的地方~~

加州的海滩世界闻名,而且因为它位于太平样旁边,其海滩的风景特别的优美,海水很蓝,连着天际,沙的质量也很好。

 

 Newport Beach 富人居住的地方,看这一片片的别墅还有没拍到的一片片的游艇。。。

位于南加的Orange County(桔子郡),沙的质量特别好!

 Laguna Beach,也位于Orange County,和Newport Beach齐名的海滩。据说这里的夕阳特别美。

 

 Santa Monica,位于LA附近,很多在LA工作的人都住在Santa Monica。

这里的海滩的特色就是有一个游乐场,从摩天轮上俯视太平洋真的是很特别的感觉啊。

 

San Diego的海滩有很多,感觉和南加的其他海滩差不多,有些也有游乐场。San Diego分Old Town和Downtown,Old Town的治安有点乱= =。

 


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在新托福的口语中,共有六道题,第一第二题为自由发挥的阐述个人立场和偏好的口语题;第三第四题需要考生先阅读一段短文章,随后听一段1-2分钟的对话或讲座,最后概括阅读和听力中的内容;第五第六题需要考生听一段较长的对话或讲座并概括。在这六小题中,按照ETS的设计,难度递增;然而,第三第四小题最为综合,考察的技巧最多,故被认为是较难突破的。第三小题是关于校园生活的对话,第四小题是关于学术知识的讲座,显然第四小题又比第三小题要难一点。所以,第四小题可以说是口语考试备考的一个瓶颈,如果能够顺利破解,第六小题也能够迎刃而解了。

 

关于第四小题,在备考过程中,考生可能会受各种参考教材的误导而陷入不必要的麻烦。事实上,第四小题并不如BarronDelta上的题目那么难,其出题是相当有规律的。

 

首先,其阅读内容是一个较为简单易懂的理论,大都为社会学或心理学的内容。若是理工科方面的,也不太会触及到十分艰涩的理论。基本上,考生能够根据已有的常识来理解这个理论,比如官方指南上的关于social interaction(人际互动)的理论。阅读中介绍了人们会根据他人的行为而改变自己的行为,当人们感觉到被别人关注时,往往会改变自己常规的作为。这个理论本身不难理解。

 

其次,阅读是需要做笔记的。因为在新托福真题中,有遇到过听力中的教授不再重复阅读中理论的情况,这时就需要考生记下阅读部分的笔记,以便回答问题时能够阐述清楚阅读和听力的关系。其实阅读的笔记并不难,考生要记的是:1. 照抄原文中解释理论的一句话 2. 记下理论应用的关键词。其中第一点比较重要,若时间来不及可以忽略第二点。当然,照抄理论也不是不需要动脑子的,考生需要在50秒之内先看懂文章,再准确的找到一句中心句,这其实是需要训练和积累的。

 

     另外,在听力中,教授用一到两个例子阐述阅读中的理论。这两个例子一般都是日常生活中的故事,也是比较容易听懂的。这里的听力并不像新托福听力部分那么难,在新托福听力部分经常会出现考生原本没听说过的知识和科学研究(因为托福考试的原则是尽量不让专业背景影响考试成绩),然而口语第四题的听力主要还是以日常生活的例子为主。比如官方指南上的听力中,教授举了两个例子,分别为系鞋带和打字,大致就是说人在被别人注视的时候,系鞋带和打字的速度都会变快。同样,这两个例子是较容易听懂的。

 

     当然有些学生会认为官方指南上的题目可能会比真正考试的简单,其实不然。根据网上流传的TPO的真题,听力的内容经常只有一个例子,而且是教授阐述他自己或者是他朋友的一段故事。故事具有时间的先后顺序和较强和逻辑性,所以请不要把口语的听力想得和听力部分的题一样难,为自己平添不必要的压力。

 

     听力部分肯定是要记笔记的,而且越详细越好。首要的是听懂例子,或日常生活中的故事,其次按顺序记下事件发展的关键词,主要是做谓语的动词,因为英语语言的语法决定了一句话中唯一的做谓语的动词是传递意思的核心部分。其他重要的内容包括 1.与理论联系的部分 2. 转折关系 3. 因果关系 4. 强调词汇,包括重读的词汇,比较级,最高级。

 

      最后,考生需要回答的问题大致是“请解释听力中的某某例子是怎样阐述(demonstrate, elaborate, illustrate)阅读中的观点的。根据研究网络上流传的TPO的材料,大部分情况下,教授是支持阅读中的理论的,若他反对他会在第一句话中就表明他的立场。明白这点,考生就拿到了一分(即阅读和听力的关系)。 随后只需照着笔记读一遍刚刚记下的阅读中的理论,再尽可能详细的复述听力中听到的例子,就可以完成这道题了。当然,这个模板听起来简单,还是需要考生多加练习,以便自己“悟”出来解题的具体方法。

 

      新托福的口语部分一直是令中国考生困扰的一块。口语底子是一方面的决定因素,然而语音语调和语言的掌握能力并不是一朝一夕能够提升的,我们在备考阶段只能尽量的通过训练来提升应试的能力,通过理解出题人的意图和题目的规律,一题一题的破解新托福口语。


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Fraternity和sorority也可以算是美国校园的一道风景了。Fraternity是兄弟会,Sorority是姐妹会,然而这可不是我们想象中的“妇女联合会”。

美国大学校园里大都有Greek House,这些房子以希腊字母命名,比如ΣΚ,这些就是Fraternity和Sorority的名字,他们有些住在一起(为了开party方便),他们的房子就叫Greek House,而参与Fraternity和Sorority的活动就叫做Go Greek!

在Gossip Girl里,Blair带领的那个女生团体就有sorority的雏形,女生们聚在一起,成为一个团体。当然也并不是所有的sorority都像电视剧里那样mean,也有以种族或专业为基础的,总之就是有共同的兴趣爱好和话题的男生女生们聚在一起的团体。

研究生大都和Go Greek没什么关系,但如果是要去美国读本科的话,就可能会接触到Fraternity和Sorority。不过也不是一定要参加的,这些都是自愿加入的,甚至热门的Fraternity和Sorority要经过投简历,面试和做一件疯狂的事(作为最终的考量)来“竞争”进去的呢。


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托福考试虽是美国教育考试机构举办的,但其口语并没有要求必须是美式的,其他口音如英音,澳大利亚音或者是加拿大音都可以。然而,对中国人来说,我们有一套独特的“中式发音”,即发音英美混杂,语调平淡。

这主要是由于我们从小学的英语是英式的,比如can't,但之后我们在生活中接触到的英语又以美式的为主,包括电影和美剧。所以在用词和发音上英美混杂。这里主要谈一下几个美国人常用的口语小词。

Maybe

很多学生在表达“可能”的时候习惯用perhaps,因为我们从小学到的第一个表达“可能”的词就是perhaps。然而这个词美国人在口语中基本不用,他们习惯用maybe,而如果听到有人用perhaps他们会觉得很"cute"= =  可以这样打个比方,perhaps是中文中的“或许”,而maybe才是“可能”,所以谁会在平时说话时用“或许”呢? 不过perhaps在书面作品中使用是恰当的,在口语中使用maybe比较多。

Weird

Weird是“奇怪”的意思,和strange同义,不过这里又有一个口语习惯的问题了。美式口语中多用weird。事实上,这个词相当常用,可以用来形容人或物,比如日常对话中可以说"He’s a little bit weird"。

cuz

cuz是because的缩写,也可用cause,在托福听力中这个词经常出现。美式口语中表达“因为”大多用cuz,而其他词如since则比较书面。大家不妨也可以在口语中使用cuz,显得美式口语更加地道。

gonna wanna

gonna是going to的缩写,wanna是want to的缩写,这两个词也十分的常用。如果使用将来时,在美式口语中,gonna比will更常用,比如I'm gonna leave。同样,wanna也是最常用表达愿望的词。这两个是标准的美语缩略语,希望大家能够掌握。

like

like一词有两种含义。一是可用于举例,和such as同义,而比such as更常用,而且后面可以加句子和词语。在托福口语的第一和第二小题,学生往往需要举一些例子,可以不妨使用like,更贴近美式口语。二是可以白搭。当你说不出话时,like代表你在思考,有well的用途。美国南方人尤其喜欢使用like(加州人由于使用太多而被诟病),比如这个句型"I was like...",后面可以加各种内容。


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要考好TOEFL,除了上课学习应试技巧,英语的真材实学当然是不可或缺的,英语语言能力是分数区间的决定因素。所以这个“真材实学”特辑是关于如何真正提高英语能力的。

不止是TOEFL,各种考试包括GRE GMAT LSAT SAT 甚至是高考,词汇量都是十分重要的,单词不认识就别谈听力阅读了,相反如果单词量到了,英语会豁然开朗,其他各种能力的提高都会水到渠成,所以提高英语水平的第一步是词汇量。

那么该如何积累单词呢?

市面上有几种方法:

1. 通过看书看报

很多英语专家大家都十分推崇这个方法,认为光靠背单词是没有用的,因为背了就会忘= =,所以要通过广泛的阅读获得最扎实的单词量。同时,通过阅读获得的单词不仅可以知道它的意思,还可以知道它的用法,搭配,所以学得更地道。总之,通过阅读提高单词确实是一种方法。

然而,关键是,你有这个时间吗?Hmm...这个方法需要学生对英语的热爱,特别是对文学,但是其实很多人不是这样的。同时,这个方法需要时间上的积累,所以如果是目的为应试的同学,可能收效不大。

2. 利用艾宾浩斯记忆曲线

艾宾浩斯记忆曲线是科学家对于人类怎样由短时记忆变为长期记忆的成果,有一些单词书将背单词的任务迎合艾宾浩斯记忆曲线,以帮助学生牢记背过的单词。具体方法比如第一天背100个单词,第二天再背新的100个,同时复习昨天的100个,第五天除了每天100个任务之外再复习第一天和第三天的内容...以此类推,这样当你背完整本单词书时之前的内容已经过了4,5遍,所以大部分的单词就可以记住了。

当然,这个方法是有效的,因为它尽量解决了大家背单词时最frustrating的问题:背了第二天就忘了。然而,这种方法需要强大的毅力,因为其中会有一段时间,学生一天需要复习5-7天的单词,于是一天500-700个单词压下来,就浇熄了背单词的热情,特别是当你翻到后面,还有p,s,t没背...于是背完这本书变得遥遥无期了...所以有可能会半途而废。

3. 一遍一遍的背

这是最原始,也是最有效的方法,就是老老实实的按顺序背单词。有一点需要注意,当学生背了几天之后,一定会发现前面的单词又不会了,这个时候不要气馁,因为这再正常不过了,也不用回溯复习(对于没毅力的孩子特别有效),就继续往下背,直到背完!

背完一本单词书是一件有成就感的事,增加了学生对英语的热情,如果学生发现背完了还是不够,可以再背一遍,也可以换一本书。如果是背GRE单词,就反反复复的背红宝书,如果是TOEFL或者高考,可以换一本书,以保持新鲜感,因为背单词是需要热情的= =

 

以上便是一些背单词的方法,鉴于大家性格不同,可以选择不同的方法。希望大家看完本文之后可以意识到单词的重要性,并立刻开始吧!背单词是枯燥的,不过当你攻克了它之后,真的会感到它的效果。


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