根据一项美国 BAYLOR 大学所做的调查， 91.8 ％的美国人信仰上帝，只有 5.2 ％的人群称自己为无神论者。这些相应的数据在英国是 38 ％和 20 ％。

这篇转自 “ 时代 ” 杂志的文章指出，美国人心目中的上帝有四种形象， Authoritarian, Benevolent, Critical or Distant 。根据调查，美国人对上帝形象的构想与他们的政治信仰，如，为那一个党派投票、如何看待美伊关系等，无不关系。读后似乎对美国又有了一层了解。

From The Times

September 13, 2006

America is revealed as one nation under four faces of God

A survey shows that the way Americans see the Almighty is closely linked to their political beliefs

By Tim Reid

NINE in ten Americans believe in God but how they vote, or regard the Iraq war, depends on the very different views they have about His personality, according to a detailed survey of religion in the US.

It found that Americans hold four different images of God — Authoritarian, Benevolent, Critical or Distant — and these views are far more powerful indicators about their political, social and moral attitudes than any of the traditional categories such as Protestant, Catholic or Evangelical.

The study also suggests that America is more religious than previously thought, with only 5.2 per cent of respondents calling themselves atheist and 91.8 per cent saying that they believed in God.

In Britain, by contrast, 20 per cent say that they hold no belief in a higher power and only 38 per cent claim to believe in a traditional God, according to a 2005 survey.

The American survey, conducted by Baylor University’s Institute for Studies of Religion in Texas, broke new ground in asking respondents how they viewed God’s personality.

Researchers found that Americans hold four distinct views, and these “Four Gods” are remarkably accurate diviners of how an American thinks about everything from politics, abortion, taxation and marriage. “You learn more about people’s moral and political behaviour if you know their image of God than almost any other measure,” said Christopher Bader, one of the researchers.

Nearly a third of Americans, 31.4 per cent, believe in an Authoritarian God, angry at earthly sin and willing to inflict divine retribution — including tsunamis and hurricanes.

People who see God this way are religiously and politically the most conservative. They are more likely to be less educated and have lower incomes, come from the South and be white evangelicals or black Protestants.

At the other end of the scale is the Distant God, seen by 24.4 per cent as a faceless, cosmic force that launched the world but leaves it alone. This is seen more by liberals, moral relativists and those who don’t attend church. This God has most believers on the West Coast.

The Benevolent God, popular in America’s Midwest among mainstream Protestants, Catholics and Jews, is one that sets absolute standards for man, but is also forgiving — engaged but not so angry. Caring for the sick is high on the list of priorities for these 23 per cent of believers.

The Critical God, at 16 per cent, is viewed as the classic bearded old man, judgmental but not going to intervene or punish, and is popular on the East Coast.

African Americans believe overwhelmingly (53.4 per cent) in an Authoritarian God.

Women tend towards very engaged images of God — Authoritarian and Benevolent — while men tend toward the Distant God, and are more likely to be atheist.

More than 80 per cent of those who see an Authoritarian God believe gay marriage is wrong, compared with only 30 per cent who view their God as distant.

Only 12 per cent of Authoritarians want to abolish the death penalty, compared with 27 per cent of those who see a Distant God. On Iraq, 63 per cent of Authoritarians see the war as justified, compared with 47 for Benevolent, 37 for Critical and 29 for Distant.

Nearly 54 per cent of Authoritarians believe that Saddam Hussein was involved in the September 11, 2001 attacks, compared with 23 per cent of those who believe in a Distant God.

“This is a very powerful tool to understand core differences in the United States,” said Paul Froese, a professor at Baylor. “If I know your image of God, I can tell all kind of things about you. It’s a central part of your world view.”

Only one-fifth of those surveyed believed that God favoured the US. The researchers found one-third of Americans are evangelical Protestants, about a quarter are mainstream Protestant, one-fifth are Roman Catholic and 5 per cent are black Protestant.

Jews comprised 2.5 per cent of the population, while 5 per cent belong to other faiths. More than a quarter of Americans have read Dan Brown’s The Da Vinci Code, although it appeared to have had little impact on beliefs.

A majority said they believed in prophetic dreams, and four in ten say there were once ancient civilisations such as Atlantis. More than four in ten have seen Mel Gibson’s The Passion of the Christ.

http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article637202.ece