Text 1
Specialization
（定位
54
）
can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge.
（
54C
）
By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialization was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.
No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word “amateur” does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialization in the nineteenth century
（定位
51
）
, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend
（
53A
）
was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially
（
51D
）
on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology
（定位
53
）
in the United Kingdom.
A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.
Although the process of professionalisation and specialization was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.
51. The growth of specialization in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as ________.
[A] sociology and chemistry
[B] physics and psychology
[C] sociology and psychology
（
D
）
[D] physics and chemistry
（定位处没有，看特殊位置：末句，又有
especailly
，信号十分明显。）
52. We can infer from the passage that ________.
（没有关键词，难定位，记住这种提法，很常见。）
[A] there is little distinction between specialization and professionalisation
（说话太绝对，非解。
Little=not
）
[B] amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science
（
some
是解）
注：“
some
是解“是一种“解的特征”，不要问为什么，没有为什么，自己统计完历年的答案选项之后，你就会明白了。有时候就是这种拿不上台面的技巧能救你的命，但不要迷信。
[C] professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community
（
B
）
[D] amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones
53. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate ________.
[A] the process of specialization and professionalisation
（定位
+
同义转换：
process=trend
）
[B] the hardship of amateurs in scientific study
[C] the change of policies in scientific publications
（
A
）
[D] the discrimination of professionals against amateurs
54. The direct reason for specialization is ________.
[A] the development in communication
[B] the growth of professionalisation
[C] the expansion of scientific knowledge
（
C
）（定位处有解）
[D] the splitting up of academic societies
注：你现在就可以判断一套真题的出题质量了。本篇中，出题者将
54
与
51
题在问题的顺序做了调换，这从上
51
题的定位在第二段可以推断。也就是，首段那么长，竟没有问一个问题，十分可疑。“调换问题的顺序”的出题方法在后面的真题里很常见。而
51
与
53
题都集中在第二段末句里提问，不太妥，以后的真题没有那么次的了。
Text 2
A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide
（定位
55
）
-- the division of the world into the info (information) rich and the info poor. And that divide does exist today. My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago. What was less visible then, however, were the new, positive forces that work against the digital divide. There are reasons to be optimistic.
（
55C
）
There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow. As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize access -- after all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are. More and more governments, afraid their countries will be left behind, want to spread Internet access. Within the next decade or two, one to two billion people on the planet will be netted together. As a result, I now believe the digital divide will narrow rather than widen in the years ahead. And that is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for combating world poverty that we’ve ever had.
Of course, the use of the Internet isn’t the only way to defeat poverty. And the Internet is not the only tool we have. But it has enormous potential.
（
56A
）
To take advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment. Countries that still think foreign investment is an invasion of their sovereignty might well study the history of infrastructure (the basic structural foundations of a society) in the United States.
（定位
57
）
When the United States built its industrial infrastructure, it didn’t have the capital to do so. And that is why America’s Second Wave infrastructure -- including roads, harbors, highways, ports and so on -- were built with foreign investment. The English, the Germans, the Dutch and the French were investing in Britain’s former colony. They financed them. Immigrant Americans built them. Guess who owns them now? The Americans. I believe the same thing would be true in places like Brazil or anywhere else for that matter. The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the better off you’re going to be. That doesn’t mean lying down and becoming fooled, or letting foreign corporations run uncontrolled. But
（
58A
）
it does mean recognizing how important they can be in building the energy and telecom infrastructures needed to take full advantage of the Internet.
55. Digital divide is something ________.
[A] getting worse because of the Internet
[B] the rich countries are responsible for
[C] the world must guard against
（定位处没有答案，看特殊位置之段内转
however
、末句）（
C
）
[D] considered positive today
56. Governments attach importance to the Internet because it ________.
[A] offers economic potentials
（此题定位不出来，但原文中一段极短，十分可疑，而且又有段内转
But
，出题信号很明显。）
[B] can bring foreign funds
[C] can soon wipe out world poverty
（
A
）
[D] connects people all over the world
57. The writer mentioned the case of the United States to justify the policy of ________.
[A] providing financial support overseas
（定位之后，从后面的例子里，可以选出。例子很容易读懂的）
[B] preventing foreign capital’s control
[C] building industrial infrastructure
（
D
）
[D] accepting foreign investment
58. It seems that now a country’s economy depends much on ________.
[A] how well developed it is electronically
（定位不了，用段内转
But
，
+
末句有解）
注，用关键词定位不了是很正常的，这是得看特殊位置来求解。特殊位置有三：首句、末句、段内转。
[B] whether it is prejudiced against immigrants
[C] whether it adopts America’s industrial pattern
（
A
）
[D] how much control it has over foreign corporations