随笔 - 1 文章 - 20 评论 - 10

2005年

Text 1

Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one （ 22A ） . Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human,” with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance.But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it all too monkey, as well. （ 21C ）

The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys （定位 23 ） . They look cute. They are good-natured, cooperative creatures, and they share their food tardily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males. （ 23A ）

In the world of capuchins grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to reduce resentment in a female capuchin.

The researches （意思定位 24 ） suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a cooperative, group living species. Such cooperation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated （ 24C ） . Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question. （ 25B ）

21. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by ________.

[A] posing a contrast

[B] justifying an assumption

[C] making a comparison （本题不好定位，可用段内转可选出 AC ，但要区分它们，关键在区别 contrast 和 comparison 的不同，这没有 20 年以上的英语功底干不下来。扯淡至极！）（ C ）

[D] explaining a phenomenon

22. The statement “it is all too monkey” (Last line, paragraph l) implies that ________.

[A] monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals

[B] resenting unfairness is also monkeys’ nature （段内转。首段有两个段内转，而且都出了题）

[C] monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other （ B ）

[D] no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions

23. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are ________.

[A] more inclined to weigh what they get

[B] attentive to researchers’ instructions

[C] nice in both appearance and temperament （定位处 + 特殊词 above all ）（ A ）

[D] more generous than their male companions

24. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys ________.

[A] prefer grapes to cucumbers （照搬原文不是解）

[B] can be taught to exchange things

[C] will not be cooperative if feeling cheated （本题难在用意思定位，还要 A 项明显是照搬原文，迷惑性极大！）（ C ）

[D] are unhappy when separated from others

25. What can we infer from the last paragraph?

[A] Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.

[B] Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source. （段内转）

[C] Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do. （ B ）

[D] Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.

Text 2

Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn’t know for sure? （意思定位 26 ） That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves.

There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth’s atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts （定位 27 ） , added this key point in the preface to the panel’s report: “Science never has all the answers. But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future （ 27D ） , and it is critical that out nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.”

Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it’s Ok to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. This is a dangerous game: by the 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now.

Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it’s obvious that a majority of the president’s advisers still don’t take global warming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more research -- a classic case of “paralysis by analysis （定位 28 、 28A ） ”.

To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research. But research alone is inadequate. If the Administration won’t take the legislative initiative （定位 29 、 29D ） , Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures. A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry, is a promising start. Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs. If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.

26. An argument made by supporters of smoking was that ________.

[A] there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking and death

[B] the number of early deaths of smokers in the past decades was insignificant

[C] people had the freedom to choose their own way of life （定位处没有，用抽象是解）（ C ）

[D] antismoking people were usually talking nonsense

27. According to Bruce Alberts, science can serve as ________.

[A] a protector

[B] a judge

[C] a critic （ D ）

[D] a guide （定位处 + 段内转，此题虽然 guide 在原文中出现，但不能算是照搬原文。这里要把握一个“度”的问题。）

28. What does the author mean by “paralysis by analysis” (Last line, paragraph 4)?

[A] Endless studies kill action. （定位处 + 段内转，本题定位处有两处段内转，但只在一处出题。）

[B] Careful investigation reveals truth.

[C] Prudent planning hinders progress. （ A ）

[D] Extensive research helps decision-making.

29. According to the author, what should the Administration do about global warming?

[A] Offer aid to build cleaner power plants.

[B] Raise public awareness of conservation.

[C] Press for further scientific research. （ D ）

[D] Take some legislative measures. （定位处 + 段内转 + some 是解，这个选项的太符合出题标准了，想不选对都难。）

30. The author associates the issue of global warming with that of smoking because ________.

[A] they both suffered from the government’s negligence

[B] a lesson from the latter is applicable to the former （无技巧，但要选出正确答案也不难。）

[C] the outcome of the latter aggravates the former （ B ）

[D] both of them have turned from bad to worse

Text 3

Of all the components of a good night’s sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise” -- the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers （定位 31 ） suspect that dreams are part of the mind’s emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is “off-line.” And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better, “It’s your dream,” says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago’s MedicalCenter. “If you don’t like it, change it （ 31B ） . ”

Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep -- when most vivid dreams occur -- as it is when fully awake, says Dr, Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system (the “emotional brain”) is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. （定位 32 、 32C ） “We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day.” says Stanford sleep researcher Dr. William Dement.

The link between dreams and emotions show up among the patients in Cartwright’s clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings （定位 33 ） generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don’t always think about the emotional significance of the day’s events -- until, it appears, we begin to dream. （ 33D ）

And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright （定位 34、 34D） believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time is occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.

At the end of the day, there’s probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or “we waken up in a panic,” Cartwright says （ 35A） . Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people’s anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleep -- or rather dream -- on it and you’ll feel better in the morning.

31. Researchers have come to believe that dreams ________.

[A] can be modified in their courses

[B] are susceptible to emotional changes （定位处 + 特殊位置之末句有解）

[C] reflect our innermost desires and fears （ A ）

[D] are a random outcome of neural repairs

32. By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to show ________.

[A] its function in our dreams

[B] the mechanism of REM sleep

[C] the relation of dreams to emotions （虽有定位处 + 段内转 + 同义转换，只是用 relation 进行同义转换比较牵强。）（ C ）

[D] its difference from the prefrontal cortex

33. The negative feelings generated during the day tend to ________.

[A] aggravate in our unconscious mind

[B] develop into happy dreams

[C] persist till the time we fall asleep （ D ）

[D] show up in dreams early at night （定位处 + 段内转）

34. Cartwright seems to suggest that ________.

[A] waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams

[B] visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under control

[C] dreams should be left to their natural progression （ D ）

[D] dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious （定位处 + 首句有双重否定，信号很强。）

注：双重否定有时也可以用来做为判断正确答案的依据。

35. What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have had dreams?

[A] Lead your life as usual. （本题难定位，根据问题的顺序，大致知道在末段，用特殊位置之首句有解）

注：有一些特殊词汇在阅读的时候应该注意， but 、 yet 、 although 、 above all 、 few 、 instead 、 hardly 、 littele 等都是一种出题信号，这里面信号最强的就是段内转的那几个。

[B] Seek professional help.

[C] Exercise conscious control. （ A ）

[D] Avoid anxiety in the daytime.

Text 4

American no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of Language and Music and Why We Should, Like, Care, John McWhorter （定位 36 ） , a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English. （ 36B ）

Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education. Mr. McWhorter’s academic speciality is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of “whom,” for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English.

But the cult of the authentic and the personal, “doing our own thing,” has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music （ 37D ） . While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, talking （定位 37 ） is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft.

Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, why we should, like, care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive -- there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. He （意思定位 38 ） is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper. （ 38A ）

Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry （定位 39 ） in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English-speakers. Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical education reforms -- he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English “on paper plates instead of china （意思定位 40 ） .” A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one. （ 40C ）