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07.07.29

Scientists have been trying to develop gene treatment for it.and in recent years,there have been some reports of possible progress.but doctor chew said these studies are experimental gene therapies and so far only  involve animals.recently,the national eye institute reported the findings of the study of diet and disease called retinopathy.it said the omega 3 fatty acid EPA&DHA,both found in fish protected mice against the development and  progression of retinopathy.the study show decreasing omega 6 fatty acid in the diet also help.the study was published this month in nature medicine.the findings could be useful  to research  retinopathy in humans.including a common cause of vision loss in diabetes.a separate form can lead to performant blindness in babies born too early.doctor Chew however said this study may have no connection to treating retinal degeneration.she also saids there is disaggrement about whether taking high levels of vitamin A could reduce the severity of the disease.she said there was a study which suggested that vitamin A help some people with retinitis pigmentosa ,but she notes that other investigators have disputed these findings.

words:

retinopathy  视网膜病

retinitis pigmentosa (拉)色素性视网膜炎

07.07.30

China has recently been faced with serious issues of product safety.some cases have brought attention internationally to the increased use of  imported ingredients to make food and medicine .in Panama, medicine made with a poisonous medical killed or sickened more than one hundrend people.a Chinese company had identified the additive as glycerin, a safe sweetener and thickener ,but it was really diethylene glycol a low-cost substitute commonly used in automobileanti-freeze.some countries have banned Chinese-made toothpaste containing diethylene glycol .china has now told companies to discontinue this use ,even though it says the toothpastes is safe. another industrial chemical melamine was found in wheat flour used to make pet food in north America,thousands of dogs and cats were died or became sick, the united states has restricted some imports of Chinese seafood, because they contain banned substances. And questions have been raised about other products including children’s toys covered in lead paint.the European union is china’s biggest trade parter,Meglena Kuneva, its commissioner for consumer protection, was in Bejing this week.chinese officials promised her they would provide the European union with detail reports on enforcement efforts against the unsafe goods

words：

glycerin  甘油; 丙三醇

sweetener 增甜剂

thickener 增稠剂

diethylene glycol 二甘醇

automobile 汽车

discontinue 停止,中断,中止

wheat flour 麦麸

banned 禁止,禁令

lead  铅,

enforcement efforts

07.07.31

China agreed in January of last year to do this every three months.she said China has not done so .Lichangjiang is the director of the state ministration of quality supervision， inspection  and quarantine .she said China will work to guarantee the quality of its products.China recently closed three companies linked to the Panama death and pet food scare.and its executed ,the former head of food and drug administration. He was found guilty of corruption of approving unsafe drugs. This week, China said a conference  of the state council approved a proposal of special measure on the supervision of food safety. The Xinhua news agency said it called for stronger controls over producers ,great responsibility for government and more serious punishment for illegal activities. But Chinese officials have acused some foreign medial of overstating problems with goods made in China.they say food imports from theUnite states also fail inspection sometimes. next week  American and Chinese food safety official plan to hold a five days of meetings in Beijing to discuss cooperation

words：

the state ministration of quality supervision,inspection and quarantine  国家质量监督，检验，检疫总局

corruption  腐败，贪污

fail inspection 缺乏检查

07.08.01

Clay is found almost everywhere in the world .it was form by the action of wind and water on the rocks over thousands of years.the rocks change in both chemical and physical ways.chemically, elements like potassium and aluminum are added and taken away, physically,the roke breaks down into smaller and smaller pieces,after a long time ,some of the rocks changes to clay,clay is important because it is used around the world to make containers of all kinds. Potters add water to soften the clay, this make it easier to form into shapes  by hand or by machine,then it’s fired in a extremly hot stove,the result is a container with a hard surface and last for many years.in many countries,clay was formed from volcanoes.this kind of clay uaually contain many minerals.so the fire to make container from volcanic clay must be hotter than those use form non-volcanic clay.the fire may be as hot as 1400 degrees celsius .it is also important to dry the clay containers slowly, this means that the highest temperature should not be reached too fast.

words：

clay 泥土, 肉体, 粘土

potassium 钾

aluminum 铝

potter 陶工, 陶器匠, 陶艺家

volcano 火山

07.08.02

You can add materials to clay to gain desired results.for example ,you can add sand to prevent tiny breaks or lines form forming in the finished product. But you should not use sand from the coast  of oceans.instead,you should use sand from rivers or form other aeras of land that are not near the sea.you can usually find good clay in low aeras of island or land especially if volcanoes help form the land.clay often exists in  fields covered with some water .the clay will be found under one meter below the ground. Riverbanks often also have clay about one meter or less under the surface.you can recognize clay because it is very shiny when it’s wet.you can also perform a test .take some of the material and add enough water to it to make it seem like you are making bread. Then press it  in your hand until it is about the size of an egg. it’s probably  clay if it holds together instead of falling apart when you stop pressing

words:

island 岛

shiny 有光泽的

press v.压, 逼迫, 推进

07.08.03

Itchy skin Is a common problem. severe itching can interfere with sleep or lead to painful damage from stretching .now scientists may have a way to develop a new treatments for severe itching .they report finding a gene that sends the ich signal up the spinal cord to the brain.this is the first gene identified for the itch sensation in the central nerve system. a team led by Zhou-Feng  Chen, at Washington university school of medicine, in st.louis,Missouri. made the discovery in mice.the study appears last week in the journal nature.the gene is called GRPR for gastrin- releasing peptide receptor ,this gene has been studied for years,but scientists did not know it was linked to itching.the Washington university researchers say,they discovered the connection by accident while searching for genes linked to pain.during their experiment,they give ich-causing substances to some laboratory mice,they found that mice without the GRPR gene stretched much less than nomal mice with the gene.however the animals reacted to  pain in the same way as  normal mice.

words:
itchy 痒的
Missouri 密苏里
gastrin 胃泌激素

07.08.04

The scientists say the reaction showed that pain and itch are controlled by separate  sets of genes in the spinal cord.because the mice without the itch gene did scratch a little.scientists believe that there must be other itch genes in the body.still ,the discovery is seen as good news for people who have  severe dry skin or other conditions that cause itching.these includes skin disorders like eczema and problems such as kidney failure or liver disease.the researchers ,though, have not confirmed whether the GRPR gene is involved in these diseases.cancer treatment and strong painkiller like morphine can also cause itchiness.yet effective treatment  for severe itching are limited. this is partly because  scientists have traditionally thought that itch was a  less intense form of pain,because of this ,professor chen said itch research has lived in  the shadow of pain research.he notes that many genes have been identified along the pain pathway .now the discovery of so-called itching gene could lead to new treatment for people who suffer from severe itching.the researchers suggest that the new drugs could be developed to suppress  itching without affect a person’s ability to sense pain .

words:

eczema  湿疹

morphine 吗啡

itchiness ?

07.08.05

More than three hundreds secondary school students competed in the 38th international physics Olympiad last month in Iran. They came from 73 countries including the United States.students from China at the top results, four gold medals,and one silver.Russia was second with three gold,one silver and one honorable mention .next came the united states and South korea.each team brought home  two gold medals and three silver medals.and teams from Iran and Japan had two golds ,two silvers and one bronze medal each.the ten-day olympiad took place in the ancient city of Isfahan .there were written examination and laboratory experiment as well as discussion meetings and there was news of the death in isfaha of the president of the international physics Olympiad.oudmiea Waldemar Gorzkowski was sixty-seven years old,the Iranian students news agency said he died of a heart attack, he led the Olympiad for many years.

at the top results  得到第一名

honorable mention 荣誉奖

gold, silver,bronze medal

Isfahan  :has been designated by UNESCO as a world heritage. It contains a wide range of Islamic Architectural styles ranging from the 11th century (C.E.) to the 19th.

Isfahan (伊斯法罕),波斯帝国古城之一,位于伊朗中心，是16世纪沙法毕王朝首都，伊朗到1788年才迁都到德黑兰。境内为一个为大片荒漠围绕的绿洲，由於市内大量精美建筑，故有伊斯法罕相当於半个世界的说法。市内建筑体现了古代波斯的伟大，回教建筑亦精彩纷陈，可以说是见证了伊朗历史。

07.08.06

The physics competition is one of the international science olympiads held around the world,the American association of physics teachers and American institute of physics choose the members of  the united states.physical teachers across the country nominate students  and committees  choise about two hundred of them .the students take additional test to the choose the  twenty-four members of the team.in may,the members attend the united state physics team training camp at the university in Maryland .they go through nine-days of intensive studying ,testing and problem solving.at the end of the camp,five members of the team chosen travel to the Olympiad.the five this year were Kenan Diab of ohio ,Rui Hu of Delaware ,Jenny kwan from California, Jason Larue of florida, and howfei wei from Oklahoma .all five won medals. the first international physics Olympiad took place in Warsaw,Poland.in 1967.until the early 1980s,it was held only in the former communist countries of eastern Europe.the united state organized a team for the first time in 1986.

words:
olympiad 四年周期; 奥林匹克世界运动大会
Maryland 马里兰，本州箴言为 "行为果敢, 语言温和" Manly Deeds, Womanly Words， 有America in miniature ”“小美国“之称
Ohio 俄亥俄州，心里有上帝, 万事皆可能" With God, All Things Are Possible.
Delaware 美国东部之洲,德拉华，州 府 多 佛Dover
California 加利福尼亚
Florida 佛罗里达
Oklahoma 俄克拉荷马
Warsaw,Poland. 华沙(波兰首都)
communist 共产主义者, 共产党员

07.08.07

one of the top stories in business news this week was business news:Dow Jones agree to be bought by News corporation.this means the publisher of the wall street journal will be owned by the media company controlled by Rupert Murdoch.the two companies announce wednesday that they have signed a merger aggreement.the deal is valued and just over five and a half billion dollars.for the past century, the controlling shareholder in Dow Jones and company has been the Bancroft family ,the announcement said   family members with about thirty-seven percent of Dow Johns voting stock ,have agreed to support the deal.that would represent a majority of the 64 percent share owned by the family.the deal ends four months of the negotiations  that deeply devided the Bancrofts.reports say family members agreed the deal after a promise of at least  30 million dollars to pay the layers and financial advisors.


基思·鲁珀特·默多克 ,新闻集团董事长.
默多克所创建的新闻集团是当今世界上规模最大、国际化程度最高的综合性传媒公司之一，净资产超过400亿美元，集团经营的核心业务涵盖电影、电视节目的制作和发行，无线电视、卫星电视和有线电视广播，报纸、杂志、书籍出版以及数字广播、加密和收视管理系统开发。1999年3月，新闻集团北京代表处成立，次年，卫星电视(STAR)在上海设立代表处，成为首家获准在沪设立代表处的境外传媒公司。
words:
News Corporation 新闻集团
wall street jourmal 华尔街日报
merger aggreement 合并协议

07.08.08

Rupert murdoch's offer to buy Dow Jones become public in may,his offer of 60dollars a share was 67percent above the market price at the time of the offer.the deal is  seen as a major prize for the Australian born Murdoch to become the american citizen in 1985.he has built a media business currently values as 70 billion dollars.his company owns more than one hundred news papers in Australia,Britain, and United States.it also owns fox television,including fox news channel ,american idol and the simpsons.a new fox business channel is set for launch in october .other holdings include the twentith century fox movie company and social networking site myspace.share holders in New Corporation and Dow Jones are expected to vote on the deal later this year.government approval is also needed.financial news is an increasing competetive industry.Rupert Murdoch is expected to invest heavily in Dow Jones and the wall street journal.media observers are debating what effects his ownership might have on one of world's most respected newspapers.

07.08.09

the world health organization said that breastfeeding is the best way to provide babies with the nutrients and protection against infection they need to be healthy.however a woman with HIV can spread the virus that causes AIDS to her child during pregnancy ,delivery or through breastfeeding.the WHO estimate that up to 20% of babies born to HIV-infected mothers become affected through breastfeeding.howerer stoppint breastfeeding put children at  risk of other problems.these include poor nutrition and increased risk of other life-threatening infecti.these risks were shown in Botswana lst year.water supplies made dirty by flooding high risk of diarrhea and poor nutrition among babies fed liquid baby food called formula.more than five hundred children died.the number of deaths from diarrhea increased twenty times from earler years.investigaters from the united state center for disease control discover the link between the formula feeding and infant death from diarrhea.they also found that the babies who were not breastfed were fifty times more likely to have diarrhea.

07.08.10

Peggy Henderson is a child health and development expert with the world health organisation.she spoke to us from Geneva, switzerland.Miz Henderson said the choice of feeding depends on individual situation of each woman with HIV,the WHO recommends replacement feeding instead of breastfeeding  if  several  conditions  can be met. the replacement feeding must be acceptable ,financially,and physical possible,continued over a period of time and safe for both the mother and baby.if these conditions can not be met, the WHO recommends that HIV-infected mothers give their babies only breast milk in the first month of life.Miz Handson says there are several promising studies on use of antiretroviral medicines by HIV-infected mothers and their children.but she says the safety of the process is not clear.she says she hopes the WHO will examine ongoing research of the medicine in 2009.new public health recommendations could be announced there.for now,Handson says the WHO does not recommend that HIV-infected mother use antiretroviral drugs only to reduce the transmission of virus through breastfeeding.

07.08.11

Alzheimer's disease affect millions of people around the world.Anerican researchers say the disease will affected mor than one hundred million people worldwide by the year 2050.that would be four times the current number.researchers and doctors have been studing Alzheimer's patients for a century.yet the cause and cure for the mental sickness  are still unknown,however some researchers have made importment steps towards understanding it.several early signs of the disease involve memory and thought processes.at first patients have troubles remembering little things.later they have trouble  remembering more important things such as the names of their children.there are also some physical test that might show who is at  risk of developing Alzheimer's disease.the test look for protein in brain and spinal cord fluid . the proteins appear to be found only in people with the disease.the protein tests correctly  identify the presence of the disease in about 90% of patients


07.08.12

now a much simpler physical test to predict Alzheimer's risk has been developed.researchers found that trouble with the sense of smell can be one of the first sighs of Alzheimer's.using this imformation ,they develop a test in which people were asked to identify twelve familiar smells.these smells included cinnamon,black pepper ,chocolate,paint thinner and smoke.the study continued for five years,during this period,the same people was asked to take several tests,measuring their memory and thought abilities .fifty percent of those who could not identify at least four of the smells in the first test have trouble in their memory and thinking in the next five years.another study has shown a possible way to reduce a person's chances of developing Alzheimer's disease in old age.researchers in Chicago,Illinois found that people who use their brains more often are less likely to develop Alzheimer's disease.those who read a newspaper or play chess or word games are about three times less likely to develop the condition,researchers say they still not know what  causes  Alzheimer's disease.but they say these finding might help prevent the disease in the future.

p.s.cinnamon 肉桂 , 桂皮
paint thinner  油漆稀料 , 油漆稀释剂
Illinois 伊利诺州


08.01.01
One of the most popular plants at Christmas is the poinsettia. These plants are valued for their colorful bracts, which look like leaves. Most poinsettias are bright red. But they also can be white or pink. Poinsettias are native to Mexico.

They are named after America's first ambassador to Mexico, Joel Poinsett. He liked the plant and sent some back to the United States. Many people believe that poinsettias are poisonous. But researchers say this is not true. They say the milky liquid in the plant's stem can cause a person's skin to become red. If children or animals eat the leaves they may become sick, but they will not die.

Two thick, sticky substances from trees have been part of Christmas from the beginning. They are frankincense and myrrh. Both have powerful, pleasant smells. Tradition says three wise men carried them as gifts to the Christ child in Bethlehem.

Finally, there are several herbs used in Christmas foods, drinks and decorations. One is sage. Its leaves are cooked with turkey or goose. And sweet-smelling rosemary plants are hung on doors or cut to look like little Christmas trees.

poinsettia 猩猩木，圣诞红
bract 苞叶
frankincense 乳香
myrrh 甜酒
Bethlehem
herbs 草药
rosemary 迷迭香

08.01.02

What do you think of health in your country. researchers asked people in forty-senven countries around the world. they also ask them what  they think of  the efforts of donor nations. The finding are in the new Kaiser/pew global health survey. Majorities In almost every country said wealthier nations are not doing enough to help poor ones.that includes help with economic development reducing poverty and improving health. But in countries that receive the most development aid,people were much more likely to say that wealthy nations are doing enough. And in wealthier nations there was strong support to do more to help. The kaiser family foundation and pew global attitudes project did the survey.

The top health concern in the latin American and Middle-eastern country in the survey was fighting hunger and poor nutrition. In central and eastern Europe, people said they worry most about their ability to get health care and in parts of aferica and asia, the most pressing help issue is preventing and treating HIV, the virus that causes AIDS.

08.01.03

Taking the pulse of public opinion about health problems
In some countries, large majorities said AIDS is a bigger problems now than it was five years ago. But in most countries ,the survey found a strong  sense of  progress in treating and preventing HIV.yet finding new drug and other treatment  for public health problems is one thing . Put them to  use in  developing countries where they could save thousands of lives each day is another.
scientists at the Fogarty international center in maryland say more work in the area of implementation science could bridge the problem. Karen Hofman is the head of international science policy at the center ,part of the national institute of health ,she describes the implementation science as the next level for help research.
one example she notes is male circumcision. studies have found it may help prevent the spread of HIV, but different culture reacted differently to the idea of circumcision. Doctor Hofman says researchers must now study how best to employ this medical intervention in culturally sensitive ways.
 Another example is drugs that are normally effective in surpressing HIV, in poor countries ,these might not work in patients who also suffer from malaria, tuberculosis or bad nutrition.in other words, doctor Hofman says ,when it comes to treatments,one size dose not fit all.

malaria 疟疾
tuberculosis 结核病
circumcision 包皮环切术

08.01.04
Rating college football team off the field
  Today we have the second of two reports about the education of the college athletes in the united states. millions of Americans follow college sports mainly football and basketball. Schools with good teams are under pressure to win. But now they are also under pressure to do more to make  sure their players to get a  complete  education.
   on January 7^th, The two top college football teams  will play in new orleans for the national championship. ohio state rated  number one will play number 2 ,Louisiana state.. privacy law s limit what school can say about academic performance. Still we wondered how these two universities support their football players off  the field as well as on.
    Stan Jefferson Directs player development for the football programe at ohio state university. He says all the players can receive the same academic help. this includes, in their first year of school, required meetings of what is known as the interactive study table.
    this is a program in which players meet with a tutor before classes to discuss their work. stan jefferson tells us that players also meet with counselors who make sure they are progressing toaward their degree.

athlete 运动员
new orleans 新奥尔良
louisiana 路易斯安那
counselor 顾问


 08.02.03

Dealing with dyslexia
     Today we have the second in a series of reports about the group of disorders known as learning disabilities. Different ones affect reading, writing, listening, speaking or working with numbers.the most common disability is dyslexia. a person with dyslexia has difficulty with language skills Especially reading. The international dyslexia association says  studies in different countries generally show that 4-7 percent of people are dyslexic.
     Dyslexia most commonly Affects reading, spelling and writing. Some people have problems with only one of these. Others have trouble with spoken language. They find it difficult to express themselves clearly or understand what other people say.
     Dyslexia can also affect a person emotionally. Dyslexic children often think they are unable to learn. They think they are stupid or that is what they are told. Specialists say  Children who feel this way are in danger of failure and depression. What causes dyslexia is not clear, but studies have foud differences in brain activity and development in dyslexic people compared to the general population.

Dyslexic 诵读困难者
Dyslexia 诵读困难

08.02.04

      Early sighs include a delay in learning to speak and difficulty pronouncing words. While learning to read, children with dyslexia may not recognize letters or connect them with their sounds. They may also have difficulty  learning or  remembering numbers,colours,shapes or  days of the week. Older children may have difficulty learning a foreign language. They may read slowly or have trouble  remembering what they read . and they may fail to see or hear similarities and differences in letters and words.
      There is no cure, but people with dyslexia can still be successful learners. Experts say the most important thing is to find the condition at an early age. And they say only a trained professional can tell if a person is dyslexic.
     Specially trained educators can teach people with dyslexia different ways to learn. Computer assisted learning might help or using recorded books instead of printed ones. Schools can provide more time to finish tasks and resources like help in taking notes

08.02.15

People who have unusual difficulty with reading,writing,listening or working with numbers might have a learning disability.we talked last week about a reading disorder,dyslexia;today we discuss a writing disorder ,dysgraphia.

writing is not an easy skill,not only does it require the ability to organize and express idears in the mind.it also requires the ability to get the muscles in the hands and fingers to form those idears letter by letter on paper.

experts say teachers and parents should suspect disgraphia if a child’s handwriting is unusual difficult to read .letters may be sized or spaced incorrectly, capital letters might be in the wrong places. The child’s hand , body or paper might be in a strange position .these can all be sighs of dysgraphia.spelling problem can be also related to the disorder.

many people have poor handwriting but dysgraphia is more serious. Dysgraphia is a neurologic disorder , that generally appears when children are first learning to write. Writing by hand can be physically painfull for people who have it.

dysgraphia 书写困难

08.05.31

Some governments and agricultural experts have this advice to help people deal with high grain prices: eat more potatoes.
   The united nations has declared  two thousand eigtht international year of the  potato. There is even a web site to help bring more attention to world’s third most important food crop after rice and wheat:potato2008.org .
   The world produced 320 million tons of vegetable last year.about the same as in 2005.the top five producers were China, Russia,India,Ukraine, and the united states.India hopes to double production in the next five years.
   officials in Bangladesh say that country produced a record 8 million tons this season prices for rice,the main food crop have doubled in Bangladesh in the past year. Potatoes now cost much less than rice.
   Yet potatoes are not an especially popular food choice in Bangladesh.the government hopes that would change and some Bangladeshis may have no choice. Soldiers are now being served potatoes as part of their daily food.the international potato center in Lima,Peru, says potato could offer better food security for at least twenty Asian countries.

words:
potatoes pl.
ukraine 乌克兰
Bangladesh 孟加拉国
Bangladeshi 孟加拉国人
Lima 利马 （秘鲁首都）
Peru 秘鲁

08.06.01

  The international trade in potatoes currently represent only about 6% of production ,so prices are set locally. Potatoes are a good souce of nutrients and farmers can plant them in location with green crops.
  the united nations world food program said potatoes can grow in almost any climate. They do not require very much water.and experts say potatoes can produce more food per hectare than wheat or rice.
  until the early1990, most potatoes were grew in Europe, North America and former soviet republics. Person for person , Europeans still eat the most potatoes.but the united nations food and agriculture organizaion says production has increase sharply in Asia, Africa and Latin Amereca.
  The FAO says the developing countries grew more than developed countries for the first time in 2005. that same year, an American-led research team try to settle the debate over where the potatoes came from.. they reported  all potatoes today have a single origin in southern Peru . the earliest evidence suggested  that farmers developed potatoes from wild plants more than 700 years ago .

words:
nutrients 营养素
hectare 公顷