No,nos in public speaking
演讲切忌
Talking too rapidly;
语速太快;
Speaking in a monotone;
声音单调；
Using too high a vocal pitch;
声音尖细；
Talking and not saying much;
“谈”得太多，说得太少；
Presenting without enough emotion or passion;
感情不充分；
Talking down to the audience;
对观众采取一种居高临下的姿态;
Using too many "big" words;
夸张的词语使用得太多；
Using abstractions without giving concrete examples;
使用抽象概念而不给出事例加以说明；
Using unfamiliar technical jargon;
使用别人不熟悉的技术术语；
Using slang or profanity;
使用俚语或粗俗语；
Disorganized and rambling performance;
演讲无组织，散乱无序；
Indirect communication i.e. beating around the bush；
说话绕弯子，不切中主题；
How to communicate with the audience
怎样与听众交流
A message worth communicating;
要有值得交流的观点；
Gain the listeners' atention: capture their interest and build their trust;
引起听众的注意：抓住他们的兴趣并赢得信任；
Emphasize understanding;
重视理解；
Obtain their feedback;
获得反馈；
Watch your emotional tone;
注意声调要有感情；
Persuade the audience;
说服听众；
How to gain confidence
怎样变得自信
Smile and glance at the audience;
微笑并看着观众；
Start very slowly, with your shoulders back and your chin up;
开始发言时要慢一点，身体保持昂首挺胸的姿态；
Open your speech by saying something very frankly;
开场白说一些真诚话；
Wear your very best clothes;
穿上自己最好的衣服；
Say something positive to yourself;
对自己说一些积极的话；
Four objectives of the speech
演讲的四个目标
To offer information;
提供信息；
To entertain the audience;
使听众感到乐趣；
To touch emotions;
动之以情；
To move to action;
使听众行动起来；
How to organize the speech
怎样组织演讲
To have a structure: such as first, second, third; geographically, north, south, east, west; compare and contrasts; our side versus their side; negative and positive;
要有一个结构：可以分一二三点；可以从地理上分东南西北；比较与对比；我方与他方；正面与反面；
To label the materials such as jokes, funny anecdotes, favorite sayings, interesting statistics;
将材料归类整理，如笑话、趣事、名人名言、有趣的数据；
To use notecards;
使用卡片；
How to use cards
怎样使用卡片
Number your cards on the top right;
在卡片的右上角标上数字；
Write a complete sentence on both your first and last card;
在第一张和最后一张上写上完整的句子；
Write up to five key words on other cards;
其他卡片上最多只能写五个关键词；
Use color to mark the words you want to emphasize;
用颜色来标记你想强调的词；
Remind yourself at a particular sport to check the time.
在某一处提醒自己查看时间。
How to cope with brownout
如何对付忘词
Just smile and go to the next card. Not the one in front of you, but to the next following. Look at the first word on it. This will be the point from which you will now continue. Of course you missed part of your speech. But nobody will notice it. They will blame themselves for not following your thoughts.
只需要微微一笑，继续下一张卡片上的内容，不是摆在你目前的那张卡片，而是下一张。看一下卡片上的第一个单词，这就是你要继续的要点。当然你会遗漏一部分内容，但是没有人会注意到这一点。听众只会责怪自己没有跟上你的思路。
How to begin
如何开头
To tell a story (about yourself);
讲个（自己的）故事；
To acknowledge the occasion of the gathering；
对大家能够聚在一起表示感谢；
To pay the listeners a compliment；
称赞一下听众；
To quote ；
引用名人名言；
To use unusual statistics；
使用一些不平常的数据；
To ask the audience a challenging question；
问观众一个挑战性的问题；
To show a video or a slide.
播放录像带或看幻灯片。
How to close
如何结尾
To repeat your opening;
重复你的开头；
To summarize your presentation;
概括你的演讲；
To close with an anecdote;
以趣事结尾；
To end with a call to action;
以号召行动结尾；
To ask a rhetorical question;
以反问结尾；
To make a statement;
以一个陈述句结尾；
To show an outline of your presentation.
展示演讲大纲。
Eye contact
眼神交流
Move your eyes slowly from person to person, and pause two or three seconds with each listener;
眼睛慢慢地从一个移动到另一个人，在每一个人身上停留两到三秒钟时间；
Look at people straight or look at the bridge of their noses or chins;
眼睛直视听众，或看着他们的鼻梁或下巴
Look for the friendlier faces and smile at them one by one, then move on to the more skeptical members and smile at them one by one also;
找到那些看起来比较友善的听众，逐次朝他们微笑；然后目标转向那些有些怀疑的听众，也逐渐朝他们微笑；
Imagine the audience in bathrobes in case you are nervous.
如果你感到紧张，不妨想象听众都穿着浴衣的样子。
How to use the microphone
如何使用话筒
You must speak up and project your voice even if you are using a microphone;
即使是用话筒，也要声音响亮并运气发声；
Your voice should be resonant and sustained when you speak;
声音要有回声并能稍持续一阵儿；
Pitch your voice slightly lower than normal. Listeners tend to associate credibility and authority with a relatively deep voice;
音调要定得比正常讲话时低一些，听众往往把可信度与权威性与一个相对低沉的声音联系在一起；
Try to end declarative sentences on a low tone without, however, trailing off in volume;
尽量用降调结束陈述句，但不要减弱音量；
Slow down.
放慢语速。
Keynote speech
基调发言
A Keynote speech is to outline the subjects to be addressed by other speakers at an event,and to establish the tone of a meeting or program.
基调发言也称主题演讲，目的就是限定一个集会上其他演讲者演讲的主题，奠定一个会议或活动的基调。基调发言也直接关系到确立大会的感情基调。
What to say
演讲指南
Plan well in advance;
预先计划好；
Make sure you fully understand your role in the program;
保证自己充分了解在活动中的角色；
Devote care to structuring your speech logically;
认真地构思演讲，使其结构符合逻辑；
Devote care to setting the proper tone.
认真设定适当的基调。
How to use equipment
如何使用设备
Check light bulbs,electrical power,cable connections,outlets and contacts,switches and any moving parts;
检查电灯、电源、线路的连接、插座和触电、开关以及一些移动部件
Confirm twice that all your equipment will be available on the time of the day that you need it ;
保证设备能在你使用那天正常工作，至少要确认两次；
Arrange to have back-up equipment close by and be prepared to present without visuals;
准备一些后备设备以防万一，并做好没有图像资料仍能演讲的准备；
Remember to carry your equipment and ensure it will not be lost.
记得带上所需要用的设备，不要弄丢了。
Typical signals of nervousness
紧张的典型特征
Hands in pockets 手放在口袋里
Increased blinking of the eyes 眨眼次数过多；
Failure to make eye contact害怕眼神的接触；
Licking and biting of the lips 舔嘴唇和史嘴唇；
Finger tapping 敲叩手指；
Fast,jerky gestures 手势又急又快；
Cracking voices 粗哑的声音
Increased rate of speech 讲话速度加快；
Clearing of the throat 清嗓子；
Buttocks clamped tightly together 臀部崩得紧紧的；
The way to over come nervousness is breathe in deep and breathe out slowly for some times.
克服紧张的办法是调匀呼吸，深吸气，慢呼出。
HOW to dress
如何穿着得体
Dark colored suits or dresses；
穿深色西装；
Red ties or scarves;
空朴素的白衬衫或上衣；
Black shoes,freshly polished;
戴红色的领带或丝巾；
Very little jewelry -worn discreetly;
穿刚刚擦亮的黑色鞋子；
Calm,slow gestures and slow movements;
尽量不戴首饰，要戴的话要非常小心；
Shoulders back,chin up.
挺胸抬头。
HOW to use gestures
如何使有手势
Make sure all your gestures are smooth and natural;
所有的动作都应该流畅自然；
Don't put your hands in your pockets;
不要把手插在口袋里；
Let your hands and arms drop naturally to your side ,gently fold both indes fingers together,without wringing or gripping your hands in any way;
将手和手臂自然地在身体两侧下垂，轻微屈起食指，不要扭在一起或紧握拳头；
Let your hands do what they want to do as long as they don't go back into your pockets or make obscene gestures.
手想要怎样就让它怎样，直到它不再回到你的口袋或在听众面前做一些惹人讨厌的手势。
Point at imaginary objects and don't point at others with your index finger;
手可以指点着假想的物体，不要用食指指着别人；
Size or quantity can also easily be shown by expanding or contracting the hands;
心寸的大小和数量的多少也可以通过两手的扩张和收缩来演示；
Gracefully show your audience the appropriate number of fingers by holding your hands at a 45 degree angle from your head;
手抬起并与头成四十五度角，优雅地用手势表示出数字；
TO emphasize physical size such as length,width,hold your hands out in front you widely apart to move them up and down.
如果想要强调长度尺寸的大小，将两手伸向前方，尽量分开，并上下移动。
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