l 句子开头
1. 用分词开头
a) Overcome by the grief, Winston took refuge at the home of friends in Scotland.
b) Delighted with anything that distracted Winston from the dark thoughts that overwhelmed him, Clementine rushed off to buy whatever paints and materials she could find.
2. 用不定式短语开头
a) To help students understand death as the natural end of a life cycle, the school introduces a noncredit course – death.
b) To meet our energy needs, compete with foreign industry, and maintain our standard of living, we need staggered amounts of new capital.
3. 用介词开头
用apart from, besides, despite, before, in , for, by, without, with, thanks to等介词短语开头，是使句子生动变化的一种手段。
a) Despite their menacing appearance, most reptiles aren’t really vicious if you leave them alone.
b) With the advent of the internet, our world has shrunk more in a single generation than in the preceding 5000 years.
c) Within the confines of the women’s liberationist ideology, therefore, the abolition of this overriding inequality of women becomes the primary goal.
d) From the moment we stepped into the People’s Republic of China, care and kindness surrounded us on every side.
e) Under the placid surface of life there always was dissatisfied restlessness ever since the end of the Allied occupation regime.
4. 用抽象名词开头
a) The harshness and hostility of our environment, and the hidden, indefinable threat that is always afloat in the air, oblige us to close ourselves in.
b) That tolerance for change also represents deeply rooted ideas of freedom.
c) Hope persisted in Marshall because the only alternative was a military solution.
d) Public awareness of the environment has created a surge of interest in home gardening and urban horticulture and has led to the increased use of landscaping to modify the functional and aesthetic aspects of the surroundings.
5. 用副词或形容词开头
a) Back in the 1960s, scholars advised the American public that automation was making work unnecessary, so the big problem of the future would be how to cope with an overabundance of the free time.
b) Basically, such attitude amount to recognition that leisure is an important area of life and a belief that leisure can and should be put to good use.
c) Shrewd and powerful, he had enormous influence upon the kings of Trance.
d) Confident of a quick victory, Hitler expected the campaign to last no longer than three months.
6. 用it is + V-ed短语开头
a) It has often been remarked that the saddest thing about youth is that it is wasted on the young.
b) It is widely accepted that some children were just not equipped by nature to pursue this kind of education.
c) It was generally assumed, however, that native speaker competence in the Standard English was acquired through formal learning.
7. 用there is 结构开头
a) In addition to this, there is the growing mobility of people since World War II.
b) There is the appreciation of the salient historical truth that the aging of advanced societies has been a sudden change.
c) There is often resistance to the idea that it is because the birthrate fell earlier in Western and Northwestern Europe than elsewhere, that we have grown so old.
l 句子结构
在雅思大作文部分要取得7分以上的高分，必须要句型多样，而大多生考生都不知道如何变换举行，以下就介绍几种常用的方法。
1. 定语从句
用定语从句改写下列句子（不改变意义）
1. The Chinese character hao combines the symbol for “woman” with the symbol for “boy”. The Chinese character means “good”.
2. The tests do not measure genuine intellectual ability. Colleges use the tests to careen applicants for admission.
3. The following are typical of the nature of their crime. The pattern of then can be traced to any section to the country.
2. 分词短语
运用分词短语不仅改变了原有的句型，而且能使句子间的语义关系更加清楚。请比较下面的句子：
1. An IQ score is stamped on a permanent school record. It may influence teacher expectations. It may also determine a child’s future.
2. Unchecked population growth is not merely an annoying problem. It is not merely exaggerated by pessimists who always worry about the future. It is, on the contrary, the most serious problem humanity faces today.
3. A university professor in Arizona was assigned to tutor underachieving college athletes. He recalled a runner who exercised daily.
4. In a lecture on economics, curious students would ask how the Chinese economy could be both socialist and market-driven. In this way they interest themselves not only in what, but also in whys.
3. 双重否定句
英语中常常用两个否定词来表达一个肯定的意思。
i. You can’t lend your marked book to your friends because nobody else can read them without being distracted by your notes.
ii. You will never catch me with a free fifteen minutes in which I’m not reading something.
iii. Probably there is not one here who has not in the course of the day had occasion to set in motion a complex train of reasoning.
iv. Regardless of where the books came from, I cannot remember a time when I was not in love with them.
4. 比较级句
比较英汉句子，英语通过比较级来表达意思的句子远比汉语多得多。
i. Few problems in America cause so much concern and widespread public interest as does the problem of youthful misbehavior and delinquency.
ii. Nowhere, however, is communications more important, or less studied than in the interaction between physicians and their patients about life and death decision.
iii. But we would no more turn them away than hospital would turn away a patient.
iv. A successful man may be called a genius, but success is more a result of common sense than of genius.
v. A skyscraper is less the product of architectural virtuosity than of economic necessity.
vi. Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insight of great man of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved technologies.
5. 同位语句
用同位语改写下面句子。（意思不变）
1. One of the most controversial public school issues is “mainstreaming.” It is the growing practice of integrating physically and mentally handicapped children into regular classes.
2. I don’t expect you simply to agree and do nothing more. I expect you add something that may be a reason for agreeing, another example, or a remark to carry the idea further.
3. Doing part-time jobs can help us to have a better understanding of society. This is another way to get knowledge.
4. Even a brief visit to Greece, which id a modern gateway to the glory of the past, gives you a profound sense of the roots of our civilization.
5. Since she is an excellent, all-around student with a congenial personality, she is a promising candidate for WOW. WOW is an international scholarship program for outstanding women around the world.
6. 后置修饰句
形容词短语可以起到定语从句的作用，但表达更为简洁。
vii. There will be no turning back or hesitation on the road to an America rich in dignity and abundant with opportunity for all our citizens.
viii.National issues grow more complex daily. So, too, does our dependence on higher education for both the skills and the knowledge necessary to our individual success in this new climate.
ix. It takes years of constant academic toil to reach a level of sophistication essential to function effectively in today’s very complex world.
x. A national economy free of the burden of debt, populated by educated citizens ready to work and to care for their neighbors must be our goal.
7. 插入语
在正常的句子中插入写成份，也会给句子带来一些变化。
xi. He (or she) looks at people in a similar way, for the man an attractive girl – and for the woman an attractive man – are the prizes they are after.
xii. At the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of this century, a man had to be aggressive and ambitious – today he has to be social and tolerant – in order to be attractive “package”.
xiii.Of course the importance of this distinction is popularly, if somewhat obscurely, recognized.
xiv. If one citizen is unwilling to participate, all of us are going to suffer. For the idea, though it is shared by all of us, is realized in each one of us.
8. 被动句
相比较，英语使用被动句的频率远高于汉语，因此作为一种变化的手段，被动句是一个不可以忽视的句型。
xv. However, very little control can be exercised over the media used to generate information that comes to you from the outside.
xvi. Our presence here is recognition that this eternal problem has now taken an unprecedented scale and it can only be dealt with by concreted worldwide action.
xvii. However, there are signs that much more serious efforts may be mustered in the reasonably near future.
9. 倒装句
倒装句一般用于上下句的连贯和句内某些内容的强调，但它同时又不失为句型变化的手段。
xviii. Not since the car radio has a technology so altered the nature of the driving experience as the cellular telephone.
xix. Rarely can rivals inflict such severe damage. To launch a new consumer product in America can cost $75m-100m; even then, most fail.
xx. From that science will come the realization that despite technology, man does not exercise dominion over nature.
xxi. More perilous still are attempts to milk additional sales from premium brands by taking them downmarket.
10. 破折号句
一般来说，破折号句可以用在句子的任何地方，就如在演说中突然停顿一会儿，往往可以起到强调的作用。
请比较以下两句：
I bought the flower for my best friend, my mother.
I bought the flower for my best friend – my mother.
(a) Because of their greater size and weight, men are physically more powerful than women – which is not the same thing as saying that they are stronger.
(b) But, given their advanced industries, their skilled, educated populations, and their vast energy resources, they face potentially very bright future – if they choose the proper policies now.
(c) I suspect that what she hasn’t got the time for is to become completely fluent within one year – and that any lower level of accomplishment would embarrass her.
11. 隐含条件句
隐含条件句是指把原来含有if或when引导的状语从句的句子用一个简单句表示。请比较：
If the passive voice is too frequently used, it will deprive the style of that forward movement which occurs.
A too frequent use of the passive voice will deprive the style of that forward movement which occurs.
后者用了简单句，表达简洁多了。
- An examination of all the variables in the test concluded that the unusually good results were due to the way he talked to them and the tone, the confidence, the reassurance, and the certainly in his voice.
- Even a moment’s reflection will show that the spoken American language is backed by expressive features lacking in the written language.
- A closer consideration, however, would indicate that the potentialities of the project as a means of inspiring confidence acquire real importance.
- Anyone who has an appreciation for history should be cognizant of the fact that nations and great civilizations were not destroyed from without but from within.