第一段：提出观点：随着社会的发展，需要在专家和通才中寻找一种平衡。

In this era of rapid social and technological change leading to increasing life complexity and psychological displacement, both positive and negative effects among persons in Western society call for a balance in which there are both specialists and generalists.

典型开头，摆明态度。一定要有一个态度。

句型收获：In this era of rapid social and technological change leading to increasing life complexity and psychological displacement, both positive and negative effects among persons in Western society call for a balance in which there are both specialists and generalists.（整句都应该背下，很有用）

第二自然段： 专家是必要的。

（本段中心句）Specialists are necessary in order to allow society as a whole to properly and usefully assimilate the masses of new information and knowledge that have come out of research and have been widely disseminated through mass global media. （开始引用名言）As the head of Pharmacology at my university once said (and I paraphrase): "I can only research what I do because there are so many who have come before me to whom I can turn for basic knowledge. It is only because of each of the narrowly focussed individuals at each step that a full and true understanding of the complexities of life can be had. Each person can only hold enough knowledge to add one small rung to the ladder, but together we can climb to the moon." （下面是总结上面的引用）This illustrates the point that our societies level of knowledge and technology is at a stage in which there simply must be specialists in order for our society to take advantage of the information available to us.

句型收获：As the head of Pharmacology at my university once said (and I paraphrase) 引用

This illustrates the point that our societies level of knowledge

第三自然段：没有专家，我们的社会就不能发展。

典型的反过来说（ets认为这样可以使文章丰满），和上一个自然段是一个意思。上一段是“专家很重要”，这一段是“没有专家，我们的社会就不能发展。”字数就是这样写出来的。记住这个方法。

Simply put, without specialists, our society would find itself bogged down in the Sargasso sea of information overload. While it was fine for early physicists to learn and understand the few laws and ideas that existed during their times, now, no one individual can possibly digest and assimilate all of the knowledge in any given area.

句型收获：Simply put, without specialists, our society would find itself bogged down in the Sargasso sea of information overload.反说经典。

第四自然段：过度专业化的危害1

（中心句）On the other hand, Over specialization means narrow focii in which people can lose the larger picture.（下面是用toe-nails类比论证） No one can hope to understand the human body by only inspecting one's own toe-nails. What we learn from a narrow focus may be internally logically coherent but may be irrelevant or fallacious within the framework of a broader perspective. Further, if we inspect only our toe-nails, we may conclude that the whole body is hard and white. Useful conclusions and thus perhaps useful inventions must come by sharing among specialists. Simply throwing out various discoveries means we have a pile of useless discoveries, it is only when one can make with them a mosaic that we can see that they may form a picture.

第五自然段：过度的专业化的危害2

Not only may over-specialization be dangerous in terms of the truth, purity and cohesion of knowledge, but it can also serve to drown moral or universal issues. Generalists and only generalists can see a broad enough picture to realize and introduce to the world the problems of the environment. With specialization, each person focusses on their research and their goals. Thus, industrialization, expansion, and new technologies are driven ahead. Meanwhile no individual can see the wholisitc view of our global existence in which true advancement may mean stifling individual specialists for the greater good of all.

句型收获：Not only。。。。，but it can also。。简单，但实用。

第六自然段：过度专业化的危害3：在生活和工作中容易产生人们的隔阂。

（中心句）Finally, over-specialization in a people's daily lives and jobs has meant personal and psychological compartmentalization. （下面是举例）People are forced into pigeon holes early in life (at least by university) and must consciously attempt to consume external forms of stimuli and information in order not to be lost in their small and isolated universe. Not only does this make for narrowly focussed and generally poorly-educated individuals, but it guarantees a sense of loss of community, often followed by a feeling of psychological displacement and personal dissatisfaction.

第七自然段：总结

等于是把首段再反说一遍。首段：“专家和通才都关键”，末段“没有了通才，社会不行，没有了专家，社会也不行”。背诵下面一段，这种文体的结尾，肯定没有问题。

Without generalists, society becomes inward-looking and eventually inefficient. Without a society that recognizes the importance of broad-mindedness and fora a for sharing generalities, individuals become isolated. Thus, while our form of society necessitates specialists, generalists are equally important. Specialists drive us forward in a series of thrusts while generalists make sure we are still on the jousting field and know what the stakes are.

句型收获：Without generalists, society becomes inward-looking and eventually inefficient. Without a society that recognizes the importance of broad-mindedness and fora a for sharing generalities, individuals become isolated. Thus, while our form of society necessitates specialists, generalists are equally important.

本文结构的分析：

分段：题会文章的结构，给自己以后写作，打下良好的结构感基础。

第一大段：（第一自然段）提出观点：随着社会的发展，需要在专家和通才中寻找一种平衡。

第二大段：（第2、3自然段）专家是必要的。

第三大段：（第4、5、6自然段）过度专业化的危害，3个。

第四大段：（第7自然段）没有专家不行，没有通才也不行。

Reader Comment on 6

ETS的评价，可以看出，他们判分，是从前面我们注意的三个方面进行的。

1、文章内容（完整性，观点明确，论证充足。多举例子）

2、文章结构（条理性，

3、文章文采（句子多样性）

 This outstanding response displays insightful analysis, meticulous development, impressive vocabulary and a mastery of the elements of effective writing. The writer disagrees with the stated opinions by arguing that specialists and generalists are both vital: specialists prevent us from becoming "bogged down in the Sargasso sea of information overload," while generalists provide help to see "the big picture" and, unlike specialists, protect our "greater good." 1、这些都是内容描述的完整性的评价

The essay is carefully constructed throughout, enabling the reader to move effortlessly from point to point as the writer examines the multi-faceted implications of the issue and provides compelling reasons and examples to support the premise and take the argument to an effective conclusion.2、文章结构的条理性。

Although other "6" responses may not be as eloquent as this essay, they nevertheless all display the test taker's ability to articulate complex ideas effectively and precisely. 3、文采流畅。

评分标准（重要性依次递减）

A 6 paper presents a cogent, well-articulated analysis of the complexities of the issue and conveys meaning skillfully.

A typical paper in this category:

presents an insightful position on the issue;
develops the position with compelling reasons and/or persuasive examples;
sustains a well-focused, well-organized analysis, connecting ideas logically;
expresses ideas fluently and precisely, using effective vocabulary and sentence variety;
demonstrates facility with the conventions(i.e., grammar, usage, and mechanics) of standard written English but may have minor errors.

1. complexity: 事物的两面性（同一事物有优点就有缺点，相比较的事物有各自的优缺点），从多角度分析事物( 分析不同领域中，不同情况下）。论点一边倒的文章论述得再好也只能得5分。

2．insightful position：在有全面深刻理解的基础上，观点最好新颖独到(对ets来说），但必须保证能自圆其说。5分文的要求是well-considered position, 因此只要求多论述几个理由，多考虑几个方面，表明你确实好好思考过，而不强求对论述题目有全面深刻的认识。看看ets范文的３篇５分文，你就能感觉的它们和６分文在思考深刻全面上的差距。所以，若对某方面论题不了解，还有一个月就要上考场的话，就不必花大时间饿补相关知识，只需看看别人的提纲，结合自己肚里的东西（足够），整理出自己的提纲，考场上有条理性的加以论证。但切记，既然在这个给分点上你已经失去了优势，就应该在其他给分点下功夫：论述结构，论证技巧以及语言运用（参看本文其他部分的分析）。

3.conveys meaning skillfully: 可用于论证的一切技巧（估计老美自己用起来也得费点心思）。比如文章的行文方向，起承转合不用明显的标志词（first, second,however, on the other hand, the second example illustrating my point)，而是依靠论述的内在脉络（只可意会不可言传）自然而然的引到下一块内容。总之是看不到transitional phrases确能明显感觉到论述的方向及其改变（例ets范文2, 6分文的第二段首句的作用）。再比如巧妙地运用引言代替自己的reason（如ets范文1的As the head once said）。再有一个深受老美喜爱的论证技巧：vivid metaphor(如ets范文1的to inspect only one’s toenails is to ignore the whole body)，使枯燥的reason生动形象。总之，此点是用来筛选６分文的，故对５分文作者不要求。5分文的要求是conveys meaning clearly, 所以把话说清楚别词不达意，茶壶煮饺子倒不出来就行。

4. compelling reasons（reason 就已经够令人头疼的了，有加了个compelling）：这是最重要的一个得分点。就是你的理由及其论证，目的是让读者认可你的理由，从而接受论点。5分文要求logically sound reasons, 结合ets范文可看出6分文要求理由非常有说服力，而5分文要求理由合常理，读者认为没错即可。

5．persuasive examples：用来支持reason的，使抽象的reason 更具体，更易被读者理解，从而产生共鸣，或使其更可信，更有说服力。可用的例子有自己的经历，引言。
在范文里Ets重点表扬过两种举例方式：1). extended examples(见范文1, 6分文)，叙述例子的过程就是reason的过程；2). examples are varied(见反问2，6分文)，举各个领域的例子或例子涉及的范围很广。恰切的例子一定要论述充分（不然ets都替你可惜）。5分文要求well-chosen examples, 4分要求是relevant examples，因此我个人认为，要达到5分要求，例子一定得典型，多少有点说服力。个人经历是最好的例子，但不能是特例。

6. well-focused: 简单说就是不跑题。中心论点明确，全文不跑题；各段主题句明确，围绕主题句论述。使读者读完后对行文脉络，各段段意有清晰的印象。5分的要求是：is focused，内容上不如6分文联系那么紧密，但也应给读者留下同样的印象。

7．well-organized：文章采用的论述结构，分几个部分论述，每部分有几段，各部分、各段间的关系是什么。切记，每个大的论述单元后要小结；全文结尾（最后一段）要对全文进行总结延伸：不能单纯的重复罗列各分论点，要根据全文的论证脉络，把论述过的分论点有机的结合起来（可用一些起承转合词），起到深化主题的作用。全文结尾的总结很重要，运用好了能鬼使神差的把跑题的文章变成考虑全面，论述充分的好文（例ets范文2，6分文）。相比较下，许多人提倡的文章开头的提纲挈领反倒只有坏处没有好处：一是很容易弄的文章头重脚轻；二是这样做束缚了作者的手脚，后面的每一步论证都要考虑是否回应了文首的概括，反而不能reason fluently。三是容易弄巧成拙，本来是想让阅卷人清晰地把握文章内容，可他很可能会觉得你的reason 不够skillfully, 而且在文章结尾的时候，得再一次总结全文（必不可少），若对英语的驾驭不是很好，很可能重复文首的那句话，这恰巧是阅卷人最善于揪的一个小辫子（可从ets范文评语中出现的频率看出）。再说，能够在开头把文章就概括得很好对我们来说也不容易。所以，还是把精彩的放到后头，前面简单的表明立场即可。

8．connecting ideas logically：using transitional phrases起承转合词，过渡句，或有此种作用的句子，总之起到help organize the ideas and move the argument forward(摘自ets范文评语）。5分作文要求connecting ideas appropriately, 个人认为就是ets可以容忍用transitional phrases把不logical的ideas强行联系到一起，起码表面上过得去。所以，当你觉得段与段间的内容衔接得不顺，就干脆加个明显的起承转合词。

8. fluently：跟着感觉走没错。

9. precisely: 不要罗嗦，表达简洁。但如果以上几点做得好，这缺点可以忽略不计。

10. effective vocabulary：基本上挺难，但不影响大局，为避免重复大胆的用你想用的词，阅卷人能理解。

11. sentence variety：最好长短句结合，ets藐视总用短句的人：Since most of the sentences are short and choppy, the ideas they try to communicate are also choppy（摘自ets范文1，1分文评语）。

12. 还有语法错误等等，小毛病，先把上面的问题解决好在理它吧。

最后提醒大家注意几点：
１. 没有十分地把握，不要乱下定义，严重的损害议论文严谨的文风。
２. ets讨厌重复：不论是内容上还是形式上，总结也要做到避免重复有层次，先表面后深刻，先分段后整体．