Marrakech
George Orwell
词汇：
thread (v.) : pass through by twisting，turning，or weaving in and out穿过，通过
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pomegranate (n.) : a round fruit with a red，leathery rind and many seeds covered with red，juicy，edible flesh；the bush or small tree that bears it石榴；石榴树
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chant (n.) : a simple liturgical song in which a string of syllables or words is sung to each tune(礼拜仪式唱的)单调的歌
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bier (n.) : a platform or portable framework on which a coffin or corpse is placed棺材架；尸体架
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hack (v.) : break up(1and)with a hoe，mattock，etc．(用锄等)翻地，挖(土)
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oblong (adj.) : longer than broad；elongated长方形的
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lumpy (adj.) : full of lumps；covered with lumps多块状物的；凹凸不平的
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hummocky (a.) : full of or looking like low，rounded hills布满小丘的；似小圆丘的
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derelict (adj.) : deserted by the owner；abandoned；forsaken无主的；被遗弃的
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lot (n.) : a plot of ground一块地
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undifferentiated (adj.) : without clear qualities or distinctive characteristics无区别的；无显著特点的
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mound (n.) : a heap or bank of earth，sand，etc．built over a grave，in a fortification，etc．土堆；堤；坟堆
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prickly (adj.) : full of prickles多刺的
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prickly pear : any of a genus of cactus plants having cylindrical or large，flat，oval stem joints and edible fruits仙人掌(属)
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bumpy (adj.) : full of bumps；rough；jolting崎岖不平的；颠簸的；震摇的
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gazelle (n.) : any of various small，swift，graceful antelopes瞪羚
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hindquarter (n.) : either of the two hind legs and the adjoining loin of a carcass of veal，beef，lamb，etc．；[p1.]the hind part of a four—legged animal(牛、羊、猪等 的)后腿肉；[复](四肢动物的)后躯
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nibble (v.) : take small，cautious，or gentle bites小口地咬；谨慎地咬(啃)
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butt (v.) : strike or push with the head or horns：ram with the head(用头或角)撞击；顶撞
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mid—air (n.) : any point in space，not in contact with the ground or other surface空中；上空
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navvy (n.) : n unskilled laborer，as on canals，roads，etc．劳工；无特殊技术的工人
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sidle (v.) : move sideways，esp．in a shy or stealthy manner(羞怯或偷偷地)侧身行走
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stow (v.) : pack or store away；fill by packing in an orderly way装载；装进；收藏 municipality n．a city，town. etc．having its own incorporated government for local affairs自治市(或镇)
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ghetto (n.) : (in certain European cities)a section to which Jews were formerly restricted(某些欧洲城市中从前的)犹太人居住区
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sore (adj.) : giving or feeling physical pain；painful疼痛的；感到疼痛的
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skull—cap (n.) : a light，closefitting，brimless cap，usually worn indoors(室内戴的)无沿便帽
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infest (v.) : overrun or inhabit in large numbers，usually so as to be harmful or bothersome；swarm in or over(虫害等)侵扰；骚扰；蔓延
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booth (n.) : a stall for the sale of goods，as at markets or fairs(市场或集市上的)货摊；摊店，摊棚
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prehistoric (adj.) : pertaining to ancient times，very old-fashioned老式的；古旧的
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warp (v.) : become bent or twisted out of shape变弯曲；变歪
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frenzied (adj.) : full of uncontrolled excitement疯狂的，狂乱的
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clamour (v.) : make a loud confused noise or shout；cry out喧嚷，喧嚣，吵闹
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grope (v.) : feel or search about blindly，hesitantly，or uncertainly摸索；探索
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self-contained (adj.) : having within oneself or itself all that is necessary；self-sufficient，as a community自给自足的
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witchcraft (n.) : the power or practices of witches: black magic；sorcery巫术；魔法
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square (adj.[colloq.]) : satisfying；solid；substantial[口]令人满意的；充实的
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conspicuous (adj.) : attracting attention by being unexpected，unusual，outstanding惹人注目的，显眼的
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grove (n.) : orchard果园
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legionnaire (n.) : a member of a legion军团的成员
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back—breaking (adj.) : requiring great physical exertion；very tiring费劲的；辛苦的，累人的
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desolate (adj.) : uninhabited；deserted荒无人烟的，荒凉的
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lucerne (n.) : a type of plant whose leaves grow in groups of three and which is used for feeding farm animals紫花苜蓿
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fodder (n.) : gorse food for cattle，horses，sheep，etc. as cornstalks，hay and straw(牛、马、羊的)粗饲料；饲草
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yoke (v.) : put a yoke on；join together；link用轭连起；连合；连结
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harrow (n.) : a heavy frame with spikes or sharp—edged disks，drawn by a horse 0r tractor and used for breaking up and leveling plowed ground，covering seeds，rooting up weeds，etc．耙
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furrow (n.) : a narrow groove made in the ground by a plow沟，畦；犁沟
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trickle (n.) : the act of trickling；a slow，small flow滴，淌；细流 ；
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subsoil (n.) : the layer of soil beneath the surface soil底土，下层土，
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mummify (v.) : shrivel or dry up干瘪；枯干；成木乃伊状
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hobble (v.) : go unsteadily，haltingly，etc．蹒跚
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leathery (adj.) : 1ike leather in appearance or texture. tough and flexible(外观或质地)似皮革的；坚韧的，粗硬的
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infuriate (v.) : cause to become very angry；enrage(使)发怒，激怒
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damnably (adv.) : execrably该诅咒地；极坏地
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packsaddle (n.) : a saddle with fastenings to secure and balance the load carried by a pack animal驮鞍
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bridle (n.) : a head harness for guiding a horse马勒
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halter (n.) : a rope，cord，strap，etc．，usually with a headstall，for tying or leading an animal；a bitless headstall，with or without a lead rope缰绳；(马)笼头
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gut (n.[usu．in p1.]) : the bowels；entrails[常用复]内脏
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plight (n.) : condition or state of affairs；esp，now, an awkward．sad，or dangerous situation情况；状态；(现尤指)苦境；困境或险境
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gall (v.) : injure or make sore by rubbing；chafe擦伤，擦痛；磨
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stork (n.) : any of a family of large，long—legged，mostly old—world wading birds．having a long neck and bill，and related to the herons鹳
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reach-me—down (adj．[colloq.]) : second—hand or ready—made(衣服)用旧的；别人用过的；现成的
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khaki (adj.) : made of khaki(cloth)卡其(布)制的
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squash (v.) : force one’s way；squeeze挤进，挤入
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slump (v.) : have a drooping posture or gait低头弯腰(而行)；消沉
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inquisitive (adj.) : inclined to ask many questions or seek information；eager to learn好询问的；好奇的
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syphilis (n.) : an infectious venereal disease，caused by a spirochete and usually transmitted by sexual intercourse or acquired congenitally梅毒
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garrison (n.) : troops stationed in a fort or fortified place驻军；卫戍部队
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charger (n.) : a horse ridden in battle or on parade战马, 军马
短语：
square meal: a complete and satisfying meal美餐丰盛的、令人满足
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in a cloud: a large number of small things moving through the air as amass一团
例： a cloud of locusts一群蝗虫
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get at: to approach or reach到达，得到
例： You have to use a little ladder to get at the jars on the top shelves．你得使用一把小梯才可以拿到架子上面的坛子。
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next door to: almost the same as几乎
例： Leaving a man to die is next door to murder．让一个人等死无异于谋杀。
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in this connection: while speaking of such things关于这一点，就此而论
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it doesn’t matter twopence: it doesn’t matter a bit无关紧要
例： It doesn’t matter twopence if he doesn’t accept the invita-tion．他接不接受邀请都不要紧。
课文讲解：
习题全解：
Ⅰ . Marrakech: in west central Morocco, at the Northern foot of the high Atlas, 130 miles south of Casablanca, the chief seaport. The city renowned for leather goods, is one of the principal commercial centers of Morocco. It was founded in 1062 and was the capital of Morocco from then until 1147 and again from 1550 to 1660. It was captured by the French in 1912, when its modern growth began. It has extremely hot summers but mild winters. Yearly rainfall is 9 inches and limited to winter months. The city was formerly also called Morocco.
Morocco: Located in North Africa, on the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. Morocco is the farthest west of all the Arab countries. Rabat is the capital. The estimated population in 1973 was 15,600,000. About 2000 B. C. it was settled by Berber tribes, who have formed the basis of the population ever since. The Arabs invaded Morocco in the 7thcentury, bringing with them Islam. From the end of the 17thcentury until the early 19th century Morocco was almost entirely free from foreign influence. But in 1912, a Franco- Spanish agreement divided Morocco into 4 administrative zones. It gained independence in 1956 and became a constitutional monarchy in 1957. Morocco is a member of the United Nations, the League of Arab States, and the Organization of African Unity. Moroccans are mainly farmers (70%)who try to grow their own food. They often use camels, donkeys and mules to pull their plows. In the south a few tribesmen still, wander from place to place in the desert.
Ⅱ. 1. Here are five things he describes to show poverty- (a) the burial of the poor inhabitants (b)an Arab Navvy, an employee of the municipality, begging for a piece of bread (c)the miserable lives of the Jews in the ghettoes~ (d)cultivation of the poor soil; (e) the old women carrying fire wood.
2. See paragraphs 1 and 2.
3. All the imperialists build up their empires by treating the people in the colonies as animals instead of as human be rags.
4. Medieval ghettoes were probably like the Jewish quarters in Marrakech--overcrowded, thousands of people living in a narrow street, houses completely windowless, and the whole area dirty and unhygienic.
5. If Hitler were here, all the Jews would have been massacred.
6. Those who work with their hands are partly invisible. It’s only because of this that the starved countries of Asia and Africa are accepted as tourist resorts. The people are not treated as human beings, and it is on this fact that all colonial empires are in reality founded.
7. See paragraph 18.
8. The old woman was surprised because someone was taking notice of her and treating her as a human being. She accepted her status as an old woman, that is to say, as a beast of burden.
9, Every white man thought. "How much longer can we go on kidding these people? How long before they turn their guns in the other direction?" They knew they could not go on fooling these black people any longer. Some day they would rise up in revolt and free themselves.
Ⅲ. 1. Yes, it is. In this essay Orwell denounces the evils of colonialism or imperialism by mercilessly exposing the poverty, misery and degradation of the native people in the colonies.
2. He manages to show that he is outraged at the spectacle of misery, first, through the appropriate use of words second, through the clever choice of the scenes he describes; third, through the tone in which he describes these scenes and finally, by contrasting the indignation at the cruel handling of the donkey with the unconcern towards the fate of the human beings.
3. Because that shows the cruel treatment the donkeys receive evokes a greater feeling of sympathy in the breasts of the white masters than the miserable fate of the people. This contrast have on the reader an effect that the people are not considered nor treated as human beings.
4. Paragraphs 4-7 could as well come after 8-15 as before. Other groups of paragraphs could be rearranged. This indicates that the whole passage is made up of various independent examples or illustrations of the people's poverty and suffering. The central theme--all colonial empires are in reality founded upon this fact--gives unity and cohesion to the whole essay.
5. This essay gives a new insight into imperialism. Yes, he has succeeded in showing that imperialism is an "evil thing".
6. Orwell is good at the appropriate use of simple but forceful words and the clever choice of the scenes he describes. His lucid style and fine attention to significant descriptive details efficiently conveyed to the readers the central idea "all colonial empires are in reality founded upon this fact", the fact that the people are not considered or treated as human beings.
Ⅳ. Paraphrase:
1. The burying-ground is merely a huge waste of hummocky earth, like a derelict building-lot. (para 2)
2. All colonial empires are in reality founded upon that fact. (para 3)
3. They rise out Of the earth, they sweat and starve for a few years, and then they sink back into the nameless mounds of the graveyard (para 3)
4. A carpenter sits crosslegged at a prehistoric lathe, turning chair-legs at lightning speed. (para 9)
5. Instantly, from the dark holes all round, there was a frenzied rush of Jews (para 10)
6. every one of them looks on a cigarette as a more or less impossible luxury (para 10)
7. Still, a white skin is always fairly conspicuous. (para 16)
8. In a tropical landscape one's eye takes in everything except the human beings. (para 16)
9. No one would think of running cheap trips to the Distressed Areas. (para 17)
10. for nine-tenths of the people the reality of life is an endless, backbreaking struggle to wring a little food out of an eroded soil (para 17)
11. She accepted her status as an old woman, that is to say as a beast of burden. (para 19)
12. People with brown skins are next door to invisible. (para 21)
13. Their splendid bodies were hidden in reach-me-down khaki uniforms (para 23)
14. How long before they turn their guns in the other direction? (para 25)
15. Every white man there had this thought stowed somewhere or other in his mind. (para 26)
（答案）
1. The buring-ground is nothing more than a huge piece of wasteland full of mounds of earth looking like a deserted and abandoned piece of land on which a building was going to be put up.
2. All the imperialists build up their empires by treating the people in the colonies like animals (by not treating the people in the colonies as human beings).
3. They are born. Then for a few years they work, toil and starve. Finally they die and are buried in graves without a name.
4. Sitting with his legs crossed and using a very old-fashioned lathe, a carpenter quickly gives a round shape to the chair-legs he is making.
5. Immediately from their dark hole-like cells everywhere a great number of Jews rushed out wildly excited.
6. Every one of these poor Jews looked on the cigarette as a piece of luxury which they could not possibly afford.
7. However, a white-skinned European is always quite noticeable.
8. If you take a look at the natural scenery in a tropical region, you see everything but the human beings.
9. No one would think of organizing cheap trips for the tourists to visit the poor slum areas (for these trips would not be interesting)．
10．life is very hard for ninety percent of the people．With hard backbreaking toil they can produce a little food on the poor soil．
11．She took it for granted that as an old woman she was the lowest in the community，that。she was only fit for doing heavy work like an animal．
12．People with brown skins are almost invisible．
13．The Senegales soldiers were wearing ready—made khaki uniforms which hid their beautiful well—built bodies．
14．How much longer before they turn their guns around and attack us?。
15．Every white man，the onlookers，the officers on their horses and the white N．C．Os．marching with the black soldiers，had this thought hidden somewhere or other in his mind．
Ⅴ.See the translation of the text．
Ⅵ.1．chant：words repeated in a monotonous tone of voice
2．navvy：abbreviation of “navigator”，a British word meaning an unskilled laborer，as on canals，，roads，etc．
3．Stow：put or hide away in a safe place
4．warp：bend，curve，or twist out of shape
5．self-contained：self—sufficient；having within oneself or itself all that is necessary
6．wretched：poor in quality，very inferior
7．mummified：thin and withered，looking like a mummy
8．reach—me—down：(British colloquialism)second—hand or ready—made clothing
9． charger：a horse ridden in battle or on parade
Ⅶ．cry指因痛苦、忧伤或悲哀而发出悲切的声音，并伴以流 泪。weep更具体，强调流泪；sob指呜呜咽咽、一吸一顿 地哭泣；wail指无法抑制悲哀而拖长声调痛哭；whimper43 指像受惊的小孩一样声音压抑地、时断时续地哭；moan 则指因悲伤或痛苦而低声地、拖长声调地哀叹。
2．mania本指狂郁精神病所表现出的症状，具体表现为喜怒无常，时哭时笑，行为不能自制；delirium指暂时性精神极端错乱(如酒醉发烧时)，具体表现为烦躁不安、语无伦次和产生幻觉；frenzy是非医学用语，指狂暴不能自制。 hysteria在精神病学上指心因性紊乱，表现为容易激动、焦躁不安、感官和运动功能紊乱以及不自觉地模拟眼瞎、 耳聋等。用于引申义时，mania指对于某事的爱好达到狂热的程度，成为癖好，如a mania for drinking(嗜酒)；delirium 指极度兴奋，如a delirium of joy(狂喜)；hysteria指强烈的、不可控制的感情爆发，如：She laughed and cried in her hysteria．(她又是笑又是哭，感情难以控制。)。
3．flash指突发的、短暂而耀眼的闪光；gleam指黑暗中闪现出的一束稳定的光线；sparkle指星星点点的闪光；glitter 指由物体反射出的星星点点的闪光；glisten指外部亮光反 射于沾水的平面上而显出的光亮；shimmer指由微波荡漾的水面反照出的柔和的闪光。
Ⅷ．1．burying—ground(verbal noun in— ing + noun)：drinking cup， hiding place，diving board，waiting room，freezing point， carving knife，writing desk，typing paper，swimming suit
2．gravestone(noun +noun)：oilwell，silkworm，shirt— sleeves，girl—friend，gaslight，bloodstain，frogman，win— dow—pane
3．mid—air(adjective +noun)：half—brother，black—market， half—pay。darkroom，madman，double—talk，hothouse， handy man
4．orercrowding(adverb +verbal noun in—ing)：dry-cleaning，overeating，oversleeping，deep—freezing， underpricing， underrating，down—grading，up—dating
5．nine—tenths(adj．from a cardinal number +noun，from an44ordinal number) : one-fifth, two-sixths, three-eighths, one-ninth
IX. 1. "thread" as in "The little crowd of mourners...threaded their way across the market… ", indicating that the market was so crowded that the crowd could hardly pass through.
2. "rise", "sweat", "starve", and "sink" as in "They rise out of the earth, they sweat and starve for a few years, and then they sink back into the nameless mounds of the graveyard"-", giving a deep impression of how these people live a short and miserable life.
3. "sidle" as in "An Arab navvy working on the path nearby lowered his heavy hoe and sidled slowly towards us", showing clearly how a shy man walked carefully.
4. "grope" as in "Even a blind man .'. heard a rumour of cigarettes and came crawling out, groping in the air with his hand", presenting a clear picture of a blind man desiring to get a cigarette.
5. "mummify" as in "All of them are mummified with age and the sun "--", a forceful word indicating what a miserable state those women are in.
6. "hobble" as in"'" the file of old women had hobbled past the house with their firewood "'", indicating that these women could not walk properly because of the heavy load they were carrying.
7. "tip" as in """ its master tips it into the ditch """, showing how casually a master deals with his dead dog which has served him devotedly.
8. "stow" as in "I tore off a piece and he stowed it gratefully in some secret place under his rags", designating how much the poor navvy treasured that piece of bread.
Ⅹ.1.After the British army had lost all its equipment at Dunkirk, there was only a single armored divison left to protect the home island.
2. Although the dry prairie land will drift away in dust storms, it is still being plowed for profitless wheat farming.
3. If the educational program is to succeed, it has to have more than mere financial support from the government.
4. They have wasted their natural resources, which they should have protected and conserved.
5. Soon other settlers were coming in over the first rough trail which the Caldwell family had opened.
6. The Smithsonian Institute is constantly working, with little or no publicity, for a better understanding of nature for man's benefit.
7. Queen Mary was easily shaken by passions--passions of love and of hatred and revenge.
8. For a few days I dreaded opening the door of his office.
9. Concealed by the fog of early dawn, I crawled out and made my way to the beach.
10. Leaving the door of the safe unlocked and taking the leather bag of coins, I walked down the street toward the bank.
Ⅺ.1."Life on the farm is an eternal battle against nature" is the topic sentence. This paragraph lacks unity. It is a bad piece of writing. The writer of this paragraph has completely forgotten what he had started out to say. Instead of being an "eternal battle", life in this paragraph be-comes a pleasant and exciting experience--which it probably is, but that is not what the writer set out to prove. "There are three reasons why I like Japanese food" is the topic sentence. This paragraph lacks unity because the writer introduces facts and ideas irrelevant to the topic stated in his opening sentence, e. g. "However, most Japanese love rice. One of my Japanese friends has at least two bowls of rice at every meal. " and "Also, from the male point of view, Japanese restaurants are attractive for another reason--the beautiful little doll-like waitresses, who bow and smile shyly as they serve your food.
Ⅻ. pulled, feel, goes, went, come, fe11, altered, paralyzed seemed, sagged, slobbered, settled, imagined, fired, collapse, climbed, drooping, did, jolt, knock, falling, tower, reaching, trumpeted, came, shake
ⅩⅢ. Omitted.
ⅪⅤ. Shack Dwellers in Old Shanghai
At the edge of Old Shanghai, there were some areas neglected by the splendid city: they were desolate, dirty, and lay humbly at the foot of high-rise factory chimney. From the point of view of the city residents, these places were not suit- able for men. There, however, did live crowds of creature called human beings. They dwelled in the shacks they built themselves. A shack was made up of mud and dried hay--the former being the component of walls and the latter being the roof. Usually there was a small door with a thin wooden board and seldom was there any window. One could easily touch the roof with his hand. The shack was small and dim, thus the door was seldom kept closed. When it rained or blew, there was no more difference inside than outside.
How did they manage to live? Some of them were road builders: they dug hard with a pickaxe, pulled a huge stone roller to flatten the road, or dug gutters underground all the day. Some made a living by wheelbarrow. With a load of nearly 500 kilogrammes, they pushed forward sweating all over. Some dragged their rickshaws. And among those shack dwellers were many industrial workers, male and female. When a child grew to be thirteen, he or she started to work in a factory. In short, the vast majority of the people did toil but got a slight gain.