Loving and Hating New York
Thomas Griffith
词汇(Vocabulary)
bush (adj.) : rustic，countrified，belonging to small towns粗俗的；乡土气的；乡下的
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beget (v.) : bring into being；produce使产生，引起，招致
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holdout (n.) : [Americanism]a place that holds out [美语]坚固据点
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deficiency (n.) : the quality or state of being deficient; absence of something essential；a shortage缺乏，缺少，欠缺；缺陷，不足之处
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pacesetter (n.) : a person that leads the way or serves as a model标兵
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sitcom (n.) : [口]situation comedy的缩略
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clone (v.) : derive all the descendants asexually from a single individual无性繁殖
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preempt (v.) : radio and TV]replace(a regularly scheduled program)[广播、电视]先占，先取得
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casino (n.) : a public room or building for entertainments．dancing，or，now specifically，gambling俱乐部，娱乐场；(现尤指)赌场
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nightspot (n.) : nightclub夜总会
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bilk (v.) : cheat or swindle；defraud欺骗，蒙骗
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dynamism (n.) : the quality of being energetic，vigorous，etc．推动力；活力，精力，劲头
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put—down (n.) : [American slang]a belittling remark or crushing retort[美俚]贬低的话；反驳；无礼的回答
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foothold (n.) : a secure position from which it is difficult to be dislodged立足点，据点
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jostle (v.) : bump or push，as in a crowd；elbow or shove roughly(在人群中)拥挤；用肘推；撞
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proximity (n.) : the state or quality of being near；nearness in space，time，etc．最近；接近；(地方，时间等)最接近
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obscure (v.) : darken；make dim使黑暗；使朦胧
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tint (v.) : give a color or a shading of a color to着上(淡)色
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gaudy (adj.) : bright and showy, but lacking in good taste；cheaply brilliant and ornate华丽而俗气的，炫丽的
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jagged (adj.) : having sharp projecting points锯齿状的；(外形)参差不齐的
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skyline (n.) : an outline，as of a city，seen against the sky (城市等)以天空为背景映出的轮廓
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gamely (adv.) : pluckily；courageously勇敢地，不屈不挠地
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encroach (adj.) : trespass or intrude (on or upon the rights．property，etc．，of another)，esp. in a gradual or sneaking way侵占，占用(别人的时间)；侵犯(别人的权力、财产等)
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pristine (adj.) : still pure or untouched；uncorrupted; unspoiled质朴的；纯洁的；未受腐蚀的
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vivacity (n.) : the quality or state 0f being vivacious；liveliness to pint；animation快活；活泼；充满生命力；有生气
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carnival(n.) : a reveling or time of revelry；festivity；merrymaking狂欢，欢宴，尽情作乐
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glamour (n.) : seemingly misterious and elusive fascination or allure，as o{some person，0bject，etc．；bewitching charm; the current sense(人的)魅力；(物、景色的)吸引力，迷惑力
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beckon (v.) : call or summon by a silent gesture(以招手、点头等)表不召唤或招呼
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breed (n.) : kind；sort；type种类，类别，类型
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banal (adj.) : dull or stale as because of overuse；trite：hackneyed；commonplace陈腐的；平庸的；平凡的；老一套的
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squalor (n.) : the quality or condition of being squalid；filth and wretchedness肮脏；悲惨，不幸
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inaccessible (adj.) : impossible to reach or enter诀不到的；进不去的
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plush (adj.) : [American slang]luxurious，as in furnishings [美俚]豪华的
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grubby (adj.) : messy；untidy脏的；凌乱的
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precincts (n.) : environs neighborhood范围；界线
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fringe (n.) : an outer edge；border；margin外围，边缘；边界
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subculture (n.) : the distinct cultural patterns of a group(within a society)of persons of the same age，social or economic, status. ethnic background，etc．亚文化群
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boutique (n.) : a small shop，or a small department in a store，where fashionable，usually expensive，clothes and other articles are sold时装精品店(或百货公司中的时装精品部)
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estrange (n.) : turn(a person)from an affectionate or friendly attitude to an indifferent，unfriendly，or hostile one. alienate the affections of使疏远；使失和
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ratify (v.) : pprove or confirm，esp.，give official sanction to批准；认可
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deplore (v.) : be regretful or sorry about；lament懊悔；遗憾；痛惜
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catchy (adj.) : easily caught up and remembered醒目的；引人注意的
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jingle (n.) : a verse that jingles；jingling arrangement of words or syllables具有简单韵律的诗句；合于简单韵律的排列
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admen (n.) : [Americanism]a person whose work or business is advertising[美]广告员
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ancillary (adj.) : that serves as an aid；helping；auxiliary作为助手的；辅助的
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brittle (adj.) : having a sharp，hard quality(声音)尖利的，刺耳的
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condescending (adj.) : showing condescension，esp.，patronizing表示屈尊的；(尤指)以恩人自居的，屈尊俯就的
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malleable (adj.) : capable of being changed，molded，trained，etc．；adaptable柔顺的；易适应的；可训练的
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turnstile (n.) : a similar apparatus，often coin—operated used at entrances to admit persons one at a time and to count those passing through(使人逐个通过的)旋转(式)栅门
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hype (n.) : cheating，esp. the extravagant promotional advertising欺骗；骗局(尤指大肆宣传，大做广告)
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scruple (n.) : a feeling of hesitancy，doubt，or uneasiness arising from difficulty in deciding what is right，proper，ethical．etc．：qualm or misgiving about something one thinks is wrong踌躇；顾忌，犹豫
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adjoining (adj.) : touching at some point or along a line；contiguous隔壁的：毗连的；毗邻的
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amenity (n.) : an attractive or desirable feature,as of a place, climate,ere.(地方,气候等的)舒适,宜人;温柔
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succumb (v.) : give way；yield；submit屈服，屈从
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tawdry (adj.) : cheap and showy；gaudy；sleezy俗气的；俗丽的；花哨而庸俗的
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astir (adj.) : in motion; in excited activity动起来的；轰赳采的；有活动力的
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strew (v.) : scatter，partly cover撒，撒布
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brusque (adj.) : rough and abrupt in manlier or speech．curt(态度、语言上)粗暴的，鲁莽的；唐突的
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cabana (n.) : a small shelter used as a bath house on the beach, etc,；a cabin(海滩等地的)简易浴室(或更衣处)；小屋；棚屋
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antiseptic (adj.) : untouched by life，its problems，emotions，etc．冷静的；超然的；客观的
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enclave (n.) :a minority culture group living as an entity within a larger group在大文化团体中的一少数派集团
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hassle (n.) : [Americanism]a state of commotion or confusion；turmoil[美]混乱
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congenial (adj.) : suited to one's needs or disposition；agreeable适合的；惬意的；令人愉快的
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bracing (adj.) : invigorating；stimulating；refreshing令人鼓舞的；令人振奋的；激励的
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rigor (n.) : harshness or severity严厉
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taunt (n.) : a scornful or jeering remark; gibe嘲笑，嘲弄，嘲骂
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mongrel (n.) : [a derogatory term] mixed breed，race．origin or character[贬]杂种；混交种
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metropolis (n.) : any large city or center of population：culture，etc．大城市，大都会
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tumultuous (adj.) : full of or characterized by tumult：wild and noisy；uproarious；riotous喧闹的，喧嚣的；吵闹的
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hybrid (adj.) : (of animal，plant，etc．)from parents of different species or varieties混合的；杂种的(动植物等)
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turf (n.) : [slang]a neighbour hood area regarded by a street gang as its own territory to be defended against other gangs[俚](街头流氓集团的)地盘；势力范围
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admixture (n.) : a mixture混合(状态)
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jar (n.) : clash，disagree，or quarrel sharply抵触；冲突；不调和，不和谐；争吵
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juxtaposition (n.) : putting side by side or close together并列，并置
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fortitude (n.) : the strength to bear misfortune，pain，etc．，calmly and patiently firm courage坚韧不拔，刚毅
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forbearance (n.) : ．the quality of being forbearing；self control；patient restraint容忍，忍耐
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exhilarate (v.) : fill with high spirits鼓舞；使兴奋
短语 (Expressions)
out of phase : out of harmony相异的，不协调的
例： The driver f10und that the windshield wipers were out of phase．司机发现挡风玻璃上的刮水器动作不协调。
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measure up : be good enough t0 do a particular job or to reach a par-ticular standard合格，符合标准
例： How will the manager measure up to his new responsibilicy?经理怎样才能达到他新职责的标准呢?
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play host(to) : provide the place，food etc．for a special meeting or event招待，接待
例： Beijing will play host to the Olympics in 2008．北京将在 2008年主办奥运会。
课后答案：
Ⅱ.
1. N0, his hometown is Seattle, a seaport in west central Washington State on Puget Sound. See paragragh 4.
2. These signs show that New York is no longer the leading city in the United States.
3. New York no longer begets the styles and sets the trends.It is no longer a paeesetter.
4. Other cities have buildings more inspired architecturally. The center of music and sports have also shifted to other cities. As a tourist attraction it is inferior to New Orlcans, San Francisco, Washington or Disneyland. Finally, there are many beter cities to live in than New York.
5. The Europeans call New York their favorite city because they like its cosmopolitan complexities, its surviving European standards and its alien mixtures. Perhaps some of these are reassured by the international names of jewelers, shoe stores and designer shops. But what most excites Europeans is the city's charged, nervous atmosphere, its vulgar dynamism.
6. Tim writer went to New York because he likes to live there and he could practice the kind of journalism he wanted in that city.
7. The young people go to New York to test themselves and to avoid giving in to the most banal and marketable of their talents. In New York they also find the company of many other young people similarly fleeing from the constricting atmosphere of smaller cities.
8. New York is still the banking and communications head- quarters for America. The networks' news centres, the largest book publishers, the biggest magazines, the ad agencies are all here, appraising and ratifying the films, the plays, the music, the books that others have created.
9. Newcomers can find or form their little groups and, though these groups lie close to each other, there is no contact or intercourse between groups. This gives the city its sense of freedom.
10. Despite all the faults of the city, a New Yorker still prefers to live in New York because he prefers the unhealthy hassle and vitany of urban life. What he finds attractive about New York is its rawness, tension, urgency; its bracing competitiveness the rigor of its judgements; and the congested, democratic presence of so many other New Yorkers, encased in their own worlds.
11. It is in fact the first truly international metropolits because here one finds a much wider mixture of nationalities Asians, Africans, Latins and all varieties of Europeans.
Ⅲ.
1.This article is a piece of expository writing. The main theme or thesis is stated by the title "Loving and Hating New York", or more specifically, by the first sentence of the last paragraph: “Loving and hating New York becomes a matter of alternating moods, often in the same day. "
2. Griffith develops his main thesis by both objective and emotional description of New York and the life and struggle of New Yorkers. It is very effective. (See the answer to 4.)
3. This article is full of American English terms, phrases and constructions. Such as T-shirt, hassle, plush, holdout, comeback, putdown, measure up, expense-account, etc.
4. The writer states that he both loves and hates New York, but the reader fails to see where or why he hates New York. It is clear that Griffith loves New York and feels exhilarated living there. He may sometimes feel exasperated but this feeling is never strong enough to turn to hate. The writer shows his love for New York with the words such as energy, contention striving, etc.
5. The first five paragraphs act as a general introduction, set- ting forth the present status of New York city in the Unit- ed States and in the eyes of foreigners. The last sentence of paragraph 5 also acts as a transition to the "actual de- scriptions of New York city itself: "the charged, nervous atmosphere, its vulgar dynamism" of the last line of paragraph 5 leads to the "energy, contention, and striving" in the first line of paragraph 6.
6. The topic sentence of paragraph 8 is the first sentence. "Nature~ s pleasures are much qualified in New York. " The writer uses many examples to develop this paragraph and to back up the statement made in the topic sentence.
7. In New York, a shrewd understanding or ability to appraise things is appreciated and paid for, and skill and learning by themselves are not considered valuable. 8. Free. Student’s choice.
Ⅳ.
1. Nowadays New York cannot understand nor follow the taste of the American people.
2. New York boasts that it is a city that resists the prevailing trends (styles, fashion)of America.
3. Situation comedies made in Hollywood and the actual performance of Johnny Carson now replace the scheduled radio
and TV programs for California.
4. New York is regaining somewhat its status as a city that attracts tourists.
5. A person who wins in New York is constantly disturbed by fear and anxiety (because he is afraid of losing what he has won in the fierce competition).
6. The chance to enjoy the pleasures of nature is very limited.
7. At night the city of New York is aglow with lights and seems proudly and haughtily to darken the night sky.
8. But a pure and wholehearted devotion to a Bohemian life style can be exaggerated.
9. In both these roles of banking and communications head- quarters, New York starts or originates very few things but gives its stamp of approval to many things created by people in other parts of the country.
10. The television generation was constantly and strongly influenced by extravagant promotional advertising.
11. Authors writing long serious novels earn their living in the meantime by also writing articles for popular magazines.
12. Broadway, which seemed unable to resist the cheap, gaudy shows put on in the surrounding areas, is once again busy and active.
13. (If you tell a New Yorker about the vigor of outdoor pleasures, he will reply that) he prefers the unhealthy turmoil and animated life of a city.
14. Those who failed in the struggle of life, the down-and-outs, are not hidden away in slums or ghettoes where other people can't see them.
15. New York constantly irritates and annoys very much but at times it also invigorates and stimulates.
Ⅴ. See the translation of the text.
Ⅵ.
1. holdout: (Americanism) a place that holds out; hold out= continue resistance; stand firm; not yield
2. live: transmitted during the actual performance
3. charged : tense ; intense
4. put-down: (American slang) a belittling remark or crushing retort
5. foothold: a secure position from which it is difficult to be dislodged
6. measure up: (Americanism) prove to be competent or qualified
7. jingle: a verse that jingles; jingling arrangement of words or syllables
8. expense-account. (Americanism) an arrangement whereby certain expenses of an employee in connection with his work are paid for by his employer
9. illustration= a picture, design, diagram, etc. used to decorate or explain something
10. commercial: (radio and TV) a paid advertisement
11. distancing: be reserved or cool toward; treat aloofly
12. democratic: treating persons of all classes in the same way; not snobbish
13, jealous : very watchful or careful in guarding or keeping
14. high-rise: (Americanism) designating or of a tall apartment house, office buil ding, etc., of many stories /(noun) a high-rise building
15. mean: poor in appearance; shabby.
Ⅶ.
1. skyline: noun+ noun=noun Examples: bookcase; teacup; skyrocket; sealskin; sea port ; pigsty
2. pacesetter : noun + verb + er = noun Examples : shareholder ; leaseholder ; pathfinder ; painstaker ;watchmaker
3. trash-strewn : noun + past participle = adjective Examples: homespun; bloodstained; landlocked; henpecked ; homemade
4. international: a combining form+ adjective=adjective Examples: inter American; interchangeable; interdepartmental ; interplanetary ; intersectional
5. anti-septically : prefix 4-adverb = adverb Examples : preemptively; preeminently; predominantly; prefiguratively ; prehistorically
6. juxtaposition: a combining form+ noun=noun Examples: photochemistry; photocopy; phonograph; telephone ; television
7. NBC: composed of initials N+B+C from National Broadcasting Company Examples: BBC -- British Broadcasting Corporation; NCO -- noncommissioned officer; UN -- United Nations; MIA -- missing in action; PFLI -- Peking Foreign Languages Institute
8. Wasp: an acronym from white Anglo-Saxon protestant Examples: Awacs -- airborne warning and control system (a sophisticated surveillance plane); UFO -- unidentified flying object; Nato -- North Atlantic Treaty Organization; Asean -- Association of South-east Asian Nations; Anzac -- (a soldier in the) Australian and New Zealand Army Corps
9．ad：a shortening of “advertisement” Examples：auto(automobile)；kilo(kilogram)；exam(examination)；gent(gentleman)；pram(perambulator)
1 0．Cabana：a loan word from Spanish Examples： blitz (German)； judo (Japanese)； discontheque (French)； kolkhoz (Russian)； solo (Italian)
11．sitcom：a blend word from “sit(uation)+corn(edy)” Examples：smog—sm(oke)+(f)og；smaze—sm (oke)+(h)aze；brunch—br(eakfast)+(1)unch； moped…mo(tor)+ped(a1)；motel-mo(tor)+ (ho)tel
12．Buick：a trade name for a car Examples：Omega(a watch)；Kodak(a camera)：Boeing(an airplane)；Fiat(a car)；Biro(a ball point pen)
Ⅷ.
1.assert指带着极大的信心，但却没有经客观证实的一种明确的陈述。如：He asserted that man’s nature would never change．declare指公开地或者正式地断言，通常是针对反面而言。如：They declared their independence．affirm指在一个人的陈述中隐含着一种极深的说服力，而且不可能为他人所否定。如：I cannot a．所Fill that he was there．
2.fragile隐含着一种结构上的精密，以致于很容易打碎。如a fragile china teacup。brittle隐含着一种僵硬性、无弹性，以致于在重压和打击之下很容易破碎。如：The bones of the body become brittle with age．
3.mix隐含着一种多种事物相}昆合，以致于在其形成的新事物中，不管单个的元素组成部分能否互相区别开来，它们都协调地结合在一起。如to mix paints。mingle通常隐含着在这种结合中，各个单个的元素组成部分能互相区别开来。如mingled feelings of joy and sorrow。merge强调在这种结合过程中单个元素组成部分的差别消失，或者指一种事物完全为另一事物所吸收。如：The companies merged to form a large corporation．
4．common用来形容在一个组织或者在一个机构等单位中，为所有的人或者大多数人所能共享的、或者是人们经常碰见的事物，而且还隐含着一种通常性、广泛性，或者一种贬义，一 种劣质性。如a common belief，a common car。general隐含着一个类别、一个种类、一个组织中的所有的或者大多数的事物的相互连接，强调一种广泛性。如general unrest among the people。popular隐含着在通常公众的场合或者在人民大众之中的一种广泛流行的时尚，为人所接受和喜爱。如a popular song。
Ⅸ． Formal Informal
1．pathetic pitiful
2．beget bring into being
3．pristine unspoiled
4．exasperate make angry；irritate
5．congenial agreeable
6．regard with great respect look up to
7．malleable capable 0f being molded
8．proximity closeness
9．exhilarate makecheerful
10．precariously unsafely；uncertainly；unstably
11．tumultuous wild and noisy
12．congested overcrowded
13．metropolis a large city
14．frivolous silly；light—hearted
15．diversity variety
Ⅹ．
1．Hollywood：U．S．motion picture industry or its life
2．Tin Pan Alley：the publishers，writers，and promoters of popular music：center of popular music
3．Madison Avenue：the advertising industry，its practices， influence，etc．
4．Fifth Avenue：fashionable shopping center
5. Broadway: the New York commercial theatre or entertainment industry
6. Greenwich Village: center for artists, writers, etc. , in New York
7. Disneyland : (after an amusement center near Los Angeles, created by Walt Disney) a place or condition of unreality, fantasy, incongruity, etc.
8. Wall street: the U. S. money market or the U. S. financiers and their power, influence, policies, etc
Ⅺ.
1. alliteration, metaphor 2. metonymy 3. metaphor, metonymy 4. personification 5. metaphor, synecdoche 6. irony 7. euphemism 8. personification
Ⅻ.
1. This paragraph is taken from Down and Out in Paris and London by George Orwell. In this paragraph he paints the difference between "the filthy little scullery" and the dining room of a Parisian restaunant. He develops his paragraph by a lot of descriptive details and the use of concrete words.
2. This paragraph is taken from 2"he Crisis in Man' s Destiny by Sir Julian Huxley. The main idea is expressed in his topic sentence "Science is exploding even more violently than population." He combines facts, judgements, and semifactual statements to develop his main idea. He sup- ports his semifactual topic sentence by statistical evidence (physical fact) in sentences 2,3 and 4. In sentence 5 he makes three judgements based on the factual evidence in the paragraph.
3. This paragraph is taken from 7"he Age of Fable by Thomas Bulfinch. The main idea is expressed in the opening topic sentence : "Without a knowledge of mythology much of the elegant literature of our own language cannot be understood and appreciated. " The writer uses multiple examples to develop and illustrate this view.
ⅩⅢ. Omitted.
ⅩⅣ.
The City I Came From
I came from Wenjiang, a town near Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan Province.
My hometown is not big, but it is clean and beautiful. She has a nickname, "Willow Town". It deserves the name, I think, as there are many willows on both sides of the streets. I really enjoy them. In spring, you can see the yellowish green shoots. In summer, the leaves grow into bright green, which gives you a cool sense in the hot days. When fall comes, the leaves dry and disappear, and you can see only slim branches, which represent a unique beauty. I regard the willow as the symbol of my hometown. Each time I see it, I will be warmly reminded of my dear hometown.
Now I'd like to mention the food of my hometown, since it is part of Sichuan, which is famous for its food, among other things. Wenjiang people love eating and are good at cooking. Go along the streets, and you will find many snack bars. I'd like to recommend some of the most popular snacks. Sour vicious vermicelli, I think, is the most delicious. Eating it will help you to get rid of the tiredness after a strenuous day. ()nce you have it, your mouth is certain to water whenever you hear its name again. Then, you'd better drink a bowl of beef soup. It is hot indeed. You can see the mixture of oil and pepper floating on the soup. It's the best soup in winter. After you finish it, you will feel warm all through.
In a word, my hometown is worth visiting. There, you can have a good meal while enjoying the beautiful view. Have a try, if you do not believe.