The United Nations World Food Program says potatoes can grow in almost any climate. They do not require very much water. And experts say potatoes can produce more food per hectare than wheat or rice.
联合国世界粮食项目称土豆几乎可以在任何气候条件下生长。它们不需要很多的水。并且专家指出，每公顷产出的土豆提供的食物比大米或小麦都多。

Until the early nineteen nineties, most potatoes were grown in Europe, North America and the former Soviet republics. Person for person, Europeans still eat the most potatoes. But the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization says production has increased sharply in Asia, Africa and Latin America.
直到二十世纪九十年代早期，大多数土豆都种植于欧洲、北美以及前苏联。人均而言，欧洲人仍然是食用土豆最多的。但是，联合国食品及农业组织（FAO）称，亚洲、非洲以及拉丁美洲的土豆产量飞增。

The F.A.O. says developing countries grew more potatoes than developed countries for the first time in two thousand five.That same year, an American-led research team tried to settle the debate over where potatoes came from. They reported that all potatoes today have a single origin in southern Peru. The earliest evidence suggested that farmers developed potatoes from wild plants more than seven thousand years ago.
FAO说发展中国家在2005年首次比发达国家种植更多的土豆。同年，一个由美国人领导的研究小组试图解决土豆起源的争论。他们的报告指出，现在所生产的所有土豆都一同起源于秘鲁的南部。最早的证据表明7000多年前农民就开始从野生植物中培育土豆。

Joseph Juran, 1904-2008: A Life of Quality Control(2/2)
Yet he gave Pareto credit for identifying it as "universal" when, it seemed, he could have taken the credit himself. He could have called it, he said, the Juran principle.
然而，当他赞扬帕累托确定了这一“普适性”原理时，似乎是他自己应该受禄。他说，这本应称之为“朱兰法则”。

In nineteen fifty-one, he published his "Quality Control Handbook." This influential book especially interested the Japanese. He was invited to teach in Japan, and he advised some of its largest companies. The Japanese also had help from another American, William Edwards Deming. The two experts helped Japan became a world leader in quality control.
1951年，他出版了《质量控制手册》。日本人尤其对这本具有影响力的书感兴趣。他被邀请到日本教学，并且给日本许多大企业建议。日本也获得了另外一位美国人威廉•爱德华兹•戴明的帮助。这两位专家为日本成为质量控制方面的全球主导者助了一臂之力。

In nineteen sixty-four Joseph Juran published "Managerial Breakthrough." This book formed the basis of several other strategies to reduce manufacturing mistakes and cut waste. Among them are the methods known as Six Sigma and lean management.
1964年，约瑟夫•朱兰出版了《管理突破》。本书是许多其他降低生产错误和削减浪费的策略的基础。这其中包括我们熟知的“六西格玛管理理论”以及“精益管理”。

In nineteen seventy-nine, Joseph Juran established the Juran Institute in Connecticut. It works with organizations that want to improve quality. But the main purpose of the institute, he said, is to improve society.
1979年，约瑟夫•朱兰在康涅狄格州创立了朱兰研究所。该研究所与想要改进质量的组织合作。但是，他说，该研究所的主要目的是改善社会。

Joseph Juran died on February twenty-eighth in Rye, New York. That was where he lived with Sadie Juran, his wife of eighty-one years.
约瑟夫 朱兰于2月28日在纽约的雷格斯去世，在那个地方，他曾与他妻子Sadie Juran共同度过了81个春夏秋冬。

三多——381
Joseph Juran, 1904-2008: A Life of Quality Control(1/2)
Recently the business world lost a leader in quality control. Joseph Juran died at the age of one hundred and three. He developed ideas that are still important today to improving the quality of products.
近日，商界一位质量管理领袖约瑟夫•朱兰逝世，享年103岁。他建立的理论至今仍然是改进产品质量的重要理论。

Joseph Juran was born in Braila, Romania. His family came to the United States in nineteen twelve when he was eight. They settled in Minneapolis, Minnesota. He studied electrical engineering at the University of Minnesota. He was also the school champion at the game of chess. After college, the Western Electric Company put him to work on mathematical methods of quality control.
约瑟夫•朱兰生于罗马尼亚布勒伊拉。1912年，8岁的朱兰随家人一起来到美国。他们在明尼苏达州明尼阿波利斯市定居。他在明尼苏达大学学习电力工程。并且，获得该校的象棋赛冠军。大学毕业后，西方电气公司安排他从事有关质量控制数学方法的工作。

He became interested in the idea he termed "vital few and trivial many." This idea is popularly known as the "eighty-twenty rule." It could mean, for example, that eighty percent of manufacturing problems result from twenty percent of the causes.
他开始对他称为“重要的少数和琐碎的多数”的原理感兴趣。人们称该原理为“二八定律”。也就是说，例如，80%的生产制造问题是因20%的原因造成的。

He named it the "Pareto principle," for the Italian economist Vilfredo Pareto. A century ago, Pareto observed that eighty percent of the wealth in Italy went to twenty percent of the population.But Joseph Juran came to recognize that he had misnamed this principle. He knew that unequal distribution had long been observed in other areas, not just wealth.
他把该原理以意大利经济学家维弗烈度•伯莱图命名，称“伯莱图法则”。一百年前，伯莱图观察到80%的意大利财富集中于20%的意大利人口中。但是，约瑟夫•朱兰认识到，他错误的命名了该法则。他认识到，长久以来，不光是在财富方面，在其他领域中也存在着不均等的分配。

三多——学号381
WHO Chief Says World Faces Three Growing Threats(1 /2)
A yearly meeting of all the member countries in the World Health Organization is this week in Geneva, Switzerland. Delegates from the one hundred ninety-three countries discuss progress and set policy for the coming year. The W.H.O., a United Nations agency, is sixty years old this year.
这周，世界卫生组织全体成员国的年度会议在瑞士的日内瓦城举行。来自193个国家的代表们讨论各项进展，并为来年制定政策。世界卫生组织，是联合国的一个机构，到今年已经成立60年了。

But Director-General Margaret Chan, as she opened the World Health Assembly, noted that the delegates are meeting at a time of tragedy. She expressed sympathy to the millions of people affected by the recent cyclone in Burma, also known as Myanmar, and the earthquake in China.
但是，正如世卫组织总干事陈冯富珍在世界卫生大会开幕时所说的，与会代表在一个悲剧时刻参加了大会。她向最近在缅甸（Burma又名Myanmar）受飓风影响和在中国受地震影响的数百万人表示同情。

Doctor Chan said three crises lie ahead that are international security threats and will all affect human health. One is food security, another is climate change and the third is the threat of a worldwide outbreak of influenza.
陈博士说，三大危机摆在面前，它们对国际安全造成威胁并将影响人类的健康。其一是食品安全问题，另一个是气候变化，第三是流行感冒全球性爆发的威胁。

She said the world produces enough food to feed everyone -- in fact, she added, far too many people are overfed. Yet now, food prices have risen sharply. She noted that the crisis hits the poor the hardest, and that the more a family spends on food, the less it has for health care.
她说，人类生产的食物足够供应每个人。事实上，她补充到，许多人吃得实在是太多了。尽管现在，食品价格大幅上升。她指出，穷人们在这场危机中受打击最重，而且一个家庭在食品上花费越多，在卫生保健上花得就越少。

三多——学号381
Feeding the Hungry, but Not With Pigeons(2 /2)
And, he says, exporting them would not be as cost-effective as exporting other forms of protein, such as chicken. Suppose you have a dollar, he says. Half that dollar would be spent catching the pigeon and the other half processing it. With that same dollar, he says, you could buy a processed chicken that offers more meat.
他还说，出口鸽肉不如出口像鸡肉这样其它形式的蛋白质那样划算。他说，假设你有一美元。一半的钱用来抓鸽子而另一半用来加工鸽子。用同样的一美元，他说，可以提供更多肉质的加工好的鸡”。

三多——学号381
Feeding the Hungry, but Not With Pigeons(1 /2)
Saint Mark's Square in Venice, Italy, is known for its historic buildings and its pigeons. Tourists have long enjoyed feeding the birds. As a result, the pigeon population has grown and grown. But local officials say all those droppings are not good for the buildings or the people in the square. As of this month, police will fine people who feed the pigeons.
意大利，威尼斯的圣马克广场以其历史悠久的建筑群和鸽子闻名。游客们历来很享受喂鸽子带来的乐趣。结果，鸽子的数量越来越多。但是，当地的官员说，这些粪便对建筑群和广场里的游客非常不利。所以从这个月起，警察将对那些喂鸽子的人处以罚款。
But a listener named Phillip Ghee has another thought about how to control pigeon populations. He asks, why not catch the birds and export them to crisis areas to supply protein to people in danger of starvation?
一个叫菲利普.吉的听众，却对如何控制鸽子的数量另有一番见解。他说，为什么不抓那些鸽子运往灾区，为那些处于饥饿中的灾民提供蛋白质呢？
He says good farming and science could probably breed out any diseases that may be harmful to humans. "No offense against pigeons but they seem, in their current numbers, such an unnecessary bird," he says.
他说，优良的农业科学（技术）可能会在人工繁殖中消除任何对人类有害的疾病。“没有人想攻击鸽子，而是，以现在的数目看，它们似乎过多了。”
Others may disagree with his opinion. In any case, we put the question to two squab producers. After all, young pigeons, called squab, have been raised for centuries for food. Tony Barwick is president of the Palmetto Pigeon Plant in South Carolina. He says that aside from any questions about health risks, including from pollution, adult pigeons are not that easy to catch.
其他人可能不同意他的观点。不管怎样，我们把问题交给了两家雏鸽生产商。毕竟饲养乳鸽（也叫雏鸽）作为食物已有几百年的历史。 托尼.巴维克是南卡罗来纳州，南卡罗来纳鸽子厂的总经理。他说不考虑任何关于健康风险，包括污染的问题，成年的鸽子也不是那么容易捉到的。

三多——学号381
Study Raises Questions About Reading Program in US(2/2)

   The report examined the effects of Reading First grants in seventeen school districts across twelve states and one statewide program. The findings are for two thousand four to two thousand six. A final report with an additional year of research is expected early next year. Another new report listed the books read most often last year by students in American schools. The Renaissance Learning company based the report on its reading programs used in many schools. Students read books and then take computer quizzes to see if they understood them. There are tests for more than one hundred fifteen thousand books. The book read most often by first graders was "Green Eggs and Ham" by Doctor Seuss. In fourth grade the top book was, not surprisingly, "Tales of a Fourth Grade Nothing" by Judy Blume. Three of J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter books were among the top ten in grades nine through twelve. But the book read most often was "To Kill A Mockingbird" by Harper Lee. Others included John Steinbeck's "Of Mice and Men," "A Child Called 'It'" by Dave Pelzer and "Holes" by Louis Sachar. Also in the top ten were "Night" by Elie Wiesel, "The Outsiders" by S.E. Hinton and "Twilight" by Stephenie Meyer.
研究质疑美国阅读项目
报告检查了“阅读为先”在获准实行的12个州的17个学区以及一个全国项目的效果。研究反映了2004年到2006年的情况。最终报告以及一项附加的年度研究预计在明年早些时候发布。另一个新报告列出了去年美国学校的学生们最常阅读的书籍。“复兴学习”公司是根据一个在许多学校都实行的读书计划做的这个报告。学生们阅读书籍，然后通过回答电脑上的测验题来检验自己是否理解了文章内容。有超过11.5万本书籍拥有这样的测验题。苏斯博士的《绿鸡蛋与火腿》是一年级学生最常阅读的书。茱迪•布鲁姆的《四年级没有故事的故事》理所当然的成为了四年级最受欢迎的书。J.K.罗琳的三本哈利•波特系列书被列入十大最受9到12年级学生欢迎的书。不过，排名第一的是哈泼•李的《杀死一只知更鸟》。其他的还包括：约翰•斯坦贝克的《人鼠之间》、戴夫•佩尔泽的《它，一个男孩子的名字》以及路易斯•萨克的《别有洞天》。此外，埃利•维瑟尔的《夜》、S.E. Hinton的《局外人》还有斯蒂芬妮•梅耶的《黄昏》也榜上有名.

三多——学号381
Study Raises Questions About Reading Program in US(1/2)

A federal program in the United States called Reading First has received one billion dollars a year for the past several years. The money has gone to school systems to get them to use scientifically based ways to teach reading. The goal is to help all children read at or above grade level by the end of third grade.
美国一个称为“阅读为先”的联邦项目，在过去几年中，一直接受每年10亿美元的资助。这些钱融入学校系统使它们可以利用以科学为基础的方式教授阅读。其目的是帮助所有的儿童在三年级末可以阅读该年级以及以上水平的内容。